social and economic structures in iran underwent much change in the 1960s and the 2000s. in the 1960s mohammad reza pahlavi launched a reform called “white revolution” or “revolution of the shah and nation”. his goal was to transform iran from an undeveloped feudal society to a developed and capitalist one. again at the 2000s, when reformists gained the power, the existing discourses fundamenta...

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After the establishment of written language, the most revolutionary development in human communication was the invention of the printing press in the 15 th century (1). Before then, books were handwritten, rare, and expensive. Medieval monasteries supported the transcription of new manuscripts from existing ones, and errors were common because of spelling, handwriting, and abbreviation idiosync...

She asked the editor, "[D]o you think that I will be overlooked 'amidst this wreck of matter and crush of men and horses'[?!'" Social historians ofthe Civil War have generally agreed that fears like Hattie's were well grounded in demographic realities. Nearly 620,000 men were killed in the war, a number approximately equal to the deaths in all other American wars from the Revolution to the Kore...

although the majority of linguists believing in chomskyan revolution have no doubt about the presence of ug in ll acquisition, its availability in l2 acquisition _in general, and in adult l2 acquisition in particular, is controversial. on the one hand, there are proponents of the access to ug in l2 acquisition, lidia white for example, says: therange of option available to the second language l...

In this study, a duration{based measure is formulated for assigning con dence scores to phonetic time{alignments produced by an automatic speech segmentation system. For speech corrupted by additive noise or telephone channel environments, the proposed con dence measure is shown to provide a reliable means by which gross segmentation errors can be automatically detected and marked for human han...