This study explores the effects of Interferon-β characteristics such as country of origin, injection frequency and method, monthly cost, efficacy, and side effects on multiple-sclerosis patients’ willingness to pay. For this purpose, MS patients with a history of using Interferon-β were studied from the three major Isfahan MS centers. Choice sets were designed with a combination of attributes a...

Willingness to Accept Equals Willingness to Pay for Labor Market Estimates of the Value of Statistical Life Our research clarifies the conceptual linkages among willingness to pay for additional safety, willingness to accept less safety, and the value of statistical life (VSL). We present econometric estimates that in the important case of workers’ decisions concerning exposure to fatal injury ...

advertising has always played an important role in growing process of various products and celebrities attract more people to sport and sports goods purchase. this research studied the relationship between advertisement by celebrities and the willingness to buy sports shoes in tabriz. this survey was conducted through a researcher-made questionnaire. the validity of this questionnaire was confi...

although there is a tendency worldwide towards alternative methods in effectively managing weeds, use of herbicides to control weeds in conventional agriculture is still inevitable. with regard to externalities (through unsystematic use of herbicides) imposed upon environment, in the present paper it has been tried to study the willingness to pay of wheat farmers to plan for reducing the side e...

value of tourism and recreation are direct values of the forest ecosystem and parks, which include the use of parks and forest for recreation, leisure, hiking, and aesthetic. in this study, hasht behesht park recreational value and willingness to pay (wtp) is defined and measured by using contingent valuation method (cv) and double-bounded dichotomous choice (ddc). for measuring the willingness...

background: as adolescent tobacco smoking has become a widespread problem in developing countries, it is time to understand the cognitive determinants of adolescents' decisions to engage in tobacco smoking. this study aimed to investigate the predicting factors associated with tobacco smoking among male adolescents based on prototype willingness model (pwm) as a theoretical framework. methods :...

conclusions since traffic noise pollution is a high cost for tabriz residents, extensive preventive measures and comprehensive control programs by managers and city authorities as unavoidable necessities are suggested. the measures have to be taken by urban managers and decision-makers to reduce the health impact of traffic noise on tabriz residents. background noise pollution is one of the mos...

PURPOSE In the United States, 69% of adults are overweight or obese, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m(2). The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening all adult patients for obesity and referring obese patients to intensive, multicomponent behavioral weight loss programs comprising 12 to 26 yearly sessions. The objective of this study is to determine the degree to wh...

We present an empirical study of willingness-to-pay for protecting information (we term it willingness-to-protect) and willingness-to-accept a proposal to sell information (willingness-to-accept). We conducted the study in two parts. In the first part we presented the study participants with two single closed-ended yes-no questions, asking them to protect themselves against information release ...

OBJECTIVE To explore reported willingness and factors associated with utilization of voluntary counseling and testing services by female sex workers (FSWs) in China and to offer recommendations to optimize use of such services. METHODS A questionnaire to explore willingness to use VCT was designed based on social ecological theory and formative qualitative research. A cross-sectional survey w...