Distribution smart grid is very important part of the smart grid. Utilities use Distribution Management System (DMS) as supervisory control layer at the power system control centers. State Estimation (SE) and Volt-Var Control (VVC) are the prime applications of the DMS. In the modern DMS, SE is required for extensive monitoring and control of the entire distribution network. In the presence of ...

One of the basic obstacles in the deployment of clean technologies such as wind turbines or PV modules is their intermittent nature due to dependency on the wind speed and solar radiance. In fact, the authors in this paper aim to investigate the effect of clean technologies such as wind turbines and PV modules on the total and individual costs of the distribution system. In order to model the u...

Recently, increase in the cost of fossil fuels and taking into consideration the environmental effects of exploiting them, caused many researchers and governments to find some ways to make use of renewable energies more cost-effectively. Solar energy is a category of renewable energies which could be harvested via several technologies. One of the most practical methods is using parabolic trough...

In recent years, the power system has been evolved into micro grids, which are little pockets of self-contained entities. Different distributed, interconnected generation units, loads, and energy storage units make up a typical microgrid system. The increased efficiency these on grids is gaining popularity Day-by-Day. Because their stochastic behavior, renewable causes an imbalance in system, n...

[1] The composition of the solar wind can be used to determine its origin at the Sun; e.g., solar wind from coronal holes has demonstrably lower charge states than solar wind of other origins. The O/O ratio as measured by Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) during 1998– 2008 is used to divide the solar wind into three categories: non-transient solar wind from coronal holes (hereafter referred t...

[1] The solar wind continuously flows out from the Sun and directly interacts with the surfaces of dust and airless planetary bodies throughout the solar system. A significant fraction of solar wind ions reflect from an object’s surface as energetic neutral atoms (ENAs). ENA emission from the Moon was first observed during commissioning of the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission on 3 ...

1. Renewable Wind and Solar Energies: The Context 1.1. An Economical and Environmental Necessity 1.2. Energy Definitions and Units 2. Basic Knowledge in Geophysics for Energy Resource Evaluation 2.1. Earth Energy Budget and Atmospheric Motion 2.2. Near Surface Wind 2.3. Impacts of Clouds and Aerosols on Surface Solar Radiation 3. Wind Energy Resource 3.1. Wind Energy: A Brief History 3.2. Wind ...

1. Basic Concepts 2. Sun and Heliosphere at Times of Solar Activity Minimum 2.1. Typical Solar Wind and its Sources 2.2. The Ballerina Model 2.3. Solar Wind Stream Structure 2.4. The Two Basic States of the Solar Wind 2.4.1. Differences 2.4.2. Communities 2.5. Solar Wind Acceleration and Expansion 2.6. Solar Wind Streams and Their Interactions 2.6.1. Corotating Interaction Regions in the Inner ...

The intermittent behaviour of renewable energy generation has become an essential issue for power deficiency in the distribution network. high penetration wind and solar became primary task optimal size storage to support mismatch. In present work, impact device with (DGs) have been determined a integrated system loss minimization. main contribution this paper is: (i) location DGs battery are o...

This paper presents the statistical analysis of the diurnal variations of the F layer at the equatorial station of Ouagadougou (Lat: 12.4 N; Long: 358.5 E; dip: 5.9 ) from 1966 to 1998 (=> ~11 680 days). We consider three main factors of variability: (1) the season (spring, summer, autumn and winter), (2) the phase of the sunspot cycle (ascending, maximum, descending and minimum) and (3) the ge...