We use the script concept to describe knowledge structures that help individuals understand and act in specific contexts as well as scaffolds structuring collaborative learning. External scripts can be presented in different ways, e.g. as written text. For internal scripts, it is not clear whether they have identical effects on collaborative argumentation processes in oral vs. written discussio...

Reading a formal proof script written in a procedural (command-driven) style is difficult, bordering on impossible, without access to an interpreter for the script, that generates the states based on the commands. The Proviola system replaces the need for this interpreter, storing responses and displaying them on-demand. This abstract describes a natural extension to the Proviola: instead of wo...

A large amount of user-generated transliterated contents in Roman scripts are available in the Web for the languages that use non-Roman based indigenous scripts. This creates a mixed script space which is mono-lingual or multilingual having more than one script. Information retrieval (IR) in the mixed-script space is challenging as both query and documents can be written in either native or Rom...

Impaired phonological encoding has been assumed to be one reason for reading problems in dyslexics. While normal readers are supposed to use a fast and efficient way of grapheme to phoneme conversion, dyslexics seem to be unable to access this pathway. The present study infers whether normal readers reading words written in a new script can utilise the efficient grapheme to phoneme conversion e...

Machine Transliteration is to transcribe a word written in a script with approximate phonetic equivalence in another language. It is useful for machine translation, cross-lingual information retrieval, multilingual text and speech processing. Punjabi Machine Transliteration (PMT) is a special case of machine transliteration and is a process of converting a word from Shahmukhi (based on Arabic s...

The shared task on Mixed Script Information Retrieval (MSIR) was organized for the fourth year in FIRE-2016. The track had two subtasks. Subtask-1 was on question classification where questions were in code mixed Bengali-English and Bengali was written in transliterated Roman script. Subtask-2 was on ad-hoc retrieval of Hindi film song lyrics, movie reviews and astrology documents, where both t...

Because of the different characteristics of Arabic language and Romance and Anglo Saxon languages, recognition of documents written in hybrid of these languages requires that the language of the text to be identified priori to the recognition phase. In this paper, three efficient techniques that can be used to discriminate between text written in Arabic script and text written in English script...

Soon after their arrival to Korea, Christian missionaries were confronted by decisions regarding how they would present written materials to the Korean people. While many Koreans used their indigenous script (Hangeul) for everyday purposes, higher status literacy materials were expected to be presented using Chinese characters (Hanja), a system unfamiliar to most but considered more prestigious...

Any document in Serbian language can be written in two different scripts: Latin or Cyrillic. Although characteristics of these scripts are similar, some of their statistical measures are quite different. The paper proposed a method for the extraction of certain script from document according to the occurrence and co-occurrence of the script types. First, each letter is modeled with the certain ...