The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligand Glass bottom boat (Gbb) acts as a retrograde growth signal at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Endocytic regulation of presynaptic BMP receptors has been proposed to attenuate retrograde BMP signaling. However, it remains unknown whether the Gbb signal is also regulated by postsynaptic mechanisms. Here, we provide evidence that Drosophila ...

Ammonia volatilisation has generally been reported as, or assumed to be, the main nitrogen removal mechanism in waste stabilisation ponds (WSP). Nitrogen removal via ammonia volatilisation is based on two observations: (a) in-pond pH values can reach high values (>9, even >10), so increasing the proportion of the total ammonia present as the un-ionized form or free ammonia (NH(3)); and (b) in-p...

Continual application of mineral fertilizer and manures to meet crop production goals has resulted in the buildup of soil P concentrations in many areas. A rainfall simulation study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the application of P sources differing in water-soluble P (WSP) concentration on P transport in runoff from two grassed and one no-till soil (2 m(2) plots). Triple superphosph...

Migration of cells through the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for morphogenesis of multicellular animals. In a cell culture system, the actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex functions as a nucleation core for actin polymerization when activated by the members of the WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) family. However, the regulation of cell motility in vivo remains ...

We present three deterministic parameterized algorithms for well-studied packing and matching problems, namely, Weighted q-Dimensional p-Matching ((q, p)-WDM) and Weighted qSet p-Packing ((q, p)-WSP). More specifically, we present an O(2.85043) time deterministic algorithm for (q, p)-WDM, an O(8.04143) time deterministic algorithm for the unweighted version of (3, p)-WDM, and an O((0.56201 · 2....

Nanostructure of water-soluble pectin (WSP) and chelate-soluble pectin (CSP) of two Chinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus L.) cultivars (soft cultivar 'Caode' and crisp cultivar 'Bende') with two different ripening stages were characterised using atomic force microscopy. Both cultivars shared some common values of chain widths for WSP or CSP, and both pectins shared several values of chain width...

Immune responses to the intracellular Wolbachia bacteria of filarial nematodes are thought to contribute to the pathologic process of filarial infection. Here, we compare antibody responses of subjects living in an area where lymphatic filariasis is endemic with antibody responses elicited in a murine model of filarial infection, to provide evidence that the infective larval stage (L3), not adu...

Additives were tested for their ability to modify the rheology of lignocellulosic biomass. Additive types included water-soluble polymers (WSPs), surfactants, and fine particles. WSPs were the most effective rheological modifiers, reducing yield stresses of concentrated biomass by 60–80% for additive concentrations of 1–2 wt. % (based on mass of dry biomass solids). Yield stress and plastic vis...

We investigated two populations of Melittobia digitata Dahms, a gregarious parasitoid (primarily upon a wide range of solitary bees, wasps, and fl ies), in search of Wolbachia infection. The fi rst population, from Xalapa, Mexico, was originally collected from and reared on Mexican fruit fl y pupae, Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae); the other, from Athens, Georgia, was collected fr...

The workflow satisfiability problem (WSP) asks whether there exists an assignment of authorized users to the steps in a workflow specification that satisfies the constraints in the specification. The problem is NP-hard in general, but several subclasses of the problem are known to be fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) when parameterized by the number of steps in the specification. In this paper, w...