Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Its primary clinical symptoms are akinesia, tremor, and rigidity, which usually start from one side, resembling the lateralization in hemiparkinsonian rats having 6-hydroxydopamine-induced unilateral lesion of the medial forebrain bundle. A novel exploratory Y-maze was designed to detect the lat...

BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions. An increase in AChE (a key enzyme in the cholinergic nervous system) levels around β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is a common feature of AD neuropathology. Amnesic effects of scopolamine (acetylcholine receptor antagonist...

Detecting signals from the environment is essential for animals to ensure their survival. To this aim, they use environmental cues such as vision, mechanoreception, hearing, and chemoperception through taste, via direct contact or through olfaction, which represents the response to a volatile molecule acting at longer range. Volatile chemical molecules are very important signals for most animal...

Reptiles utilize a variety of environmental cues to inform and drive animal behavior such as chemical scent trails produced by food or conspecifics. Decrypting the scent-trailing vertebrates, particularly invasive species, enables discovery that induce exploratory can aid in development valuable basic applied biological tools. However, pinpointing behaviors dominantly driven versus other compet...

background: aedes aegypti mosquito is responsible for transmitting human diseases like dengue and chikungunya. personal or space protection with insect repellents is a practical approach to reducing human mosquito contact, thereby minimizing disease transmission. essential oils are natural volatile substances from plants used as protective measure against blood-sucking mosquitoes. methods: twen...

Effects of 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine derived from nicotine catabolism in Arthrobacter nicotinovorans on learning and memory processes were examined in adult male Wistar rats. 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine (0.3 mg/kg, i.p., 7 consecutive days chronic administration) significantly increased spontaneous alternation in Y-maze task and working memory in radial arm-maze task, suggesting effects on short-term memor...

abstract   introduction: diabetes mellitus accompanies with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the human society and experimental animals. considering the beneficial antidiabetic potential of apium graveolens (ag ), this research study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic i.p. administration of ag on learning and memory in diabetic rats using passive avoidance ...

  Abstract   Introduction: Diabetes mellitus accompanies with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the human society and experimental animals. Considering the beneficial antidiabetic potential of Apium graveolens (AG ), this research study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic i.p. administration of AG on learning and memory in diabetic rats using passive avoidanc...

Evaluation of behavior and cognition in rodent models underpins mechanistic and interventional studies of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, especially dementia. Commonly used tests include Morris water maze, Barnes maze, object recognition, fear conditioning, radial arm water maze, and Y maze. Each of these tests reflects some aspects of human memory including episodic memory, recogni...

In the present study, the effects of morphine were examined on tests of spatial memory, object exploration, locomotion, and anxiety in male ICR mice. Administration of morphine (15 or 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) induced a significant decrease in Y-maze alternations compared to saline vehicle-treated mice. The reduced Y-maze alternations induced by morphine were completely blocked by nal...