We synthesized fluorene derivatives having phenylthiophene (FPT) or benzothiophene (FBT), and their S,S-dioxidized compounds (FPTO2, FPTO4, FBTO2 and FBTO4), which are prepared by oxidation of the thiophene rings in FPT and FBT with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. FPT and FBT exhibited similar optical properties for absorption maximum wavelength, fluorescence maximum wavelength and fluorescence qua...

Developing a vision for an economically competitive fusion energy system remains the grand challenge for fusion researchers. Meeting this challenge requires advances in plasma physics and in fusion technology, a key element of which is Fusion Power Technology (FPT), also called Fusion Nuclear Technology (FNT). FPT is concerned with all reactor components in the immediate exterior of the plasma,...

It is shown that for essentially all MAX SNP-hard optimization problems finding exact solutions in subexponential time is not possible unless W [1] = FPT . In particular, we show that O(2p(n)) parameterized algorithms do not exist for Vertex Cover, Max Cut, Max c-Sat, and a number of problems on bounded degree graphs such as Dominating Set and Independent Set, unless W [1] = FPT . Our results a...

Every economic model should include an estimate of its stability and predictability. A new measure, the first passage time (FPT) which is defined as the time period when the model error first exceeds a pre-determined criterion (i.e., the tolerance level), is proposed here to estimate the model predictability. A theoretical framework is developed to determine the mean and variance of FPT. The cl...

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Introduction: MR spectroscopy can be used to identify various metabolites and their quantities in vivo and provide biochemical information that can be correlated with disease. For example, MR spectroscopy of the brain can show levels of creatinine (Cr), choline (Cho), and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), which are correlated with the presence or absence of tumor. One of the major drawbacks in MR spect...

The two objectives of this paper are: (1) to articulate three new general techniques for designing FPT algorithms, and (2) to apply these to obtain new FPT algorithms for Set Splitting and Vertex Cover. In the case of Set Splitting, we improve the best previous O(72) FPT algorithm due to Dehne, Fellows and Rosamond [DFR03], to O(8) by an approach based on greedy localization in conjunction with...

Abstract. We present exact results for the spectrum of the fractional Laplacian in a bounded domain and apply them to First Passage Time (FPT) Statistics of Lévy flights. We specifically show that the average is insufficient to describe the distribution of FPT, although it is the only quantity available in the existing literature. In particular, we show that the FPT distribution is not peaked a...

FPT is a Fortran Parallel Transformer 1 which parallelizes sequential programs for various parallel processing architectures. Recently, a Program Information Base (PIB) is developed in order to adapt the FPT for diierent application domains. A program information base integrates various forms of program information into a database. Users are asked to use a data manipulation language (DML) to de...