In this paper, we discuss ways to attack various reducedround variants of MARS. We consider cryptanalysis of two reducedround variants of MARS: MARS with the full mixing layers but fewer core rounds, and MARS with each of the four kinds of rounds reduced by the same amount. We develop some new techniques for attacking both of these MARS variants. Our best attacks break MARS with full mixing and...

Compared to Earth’s atmosphere, Mars has a thin CO2-rich atmosphere with a surface pressure of about 700 Pa. When normalized to planetary mass (mass of Mars is 10.7% of that of Earth), the abundance of volatiles on Mars is about 0.07% to 6% of that on Earth (when CO2 in terrestrial carbonates is included). Is the depletion of volatiles on Mars a primary feature (because less volatiles accreted ...

The international workshop ‘‘Planet Mars II’’ which took place at the Centre de Physique in Les Houches (France) on May 23–June 1, 2005, led to vivid and fruitful discussions about the new results which have recently come out of the Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, Exploration Rovers and Mars Express space missions. Following the first workshop which took place on April 28–May 9, 2003 (Encre...

Scaffold or matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are found in all eukaryotes. The pattern of distribution and genomic context of S/MARs is thought to be important for processes such as chromatin organization and modulation of gene expression. Despite the importance of such processes, much is unknown about the large-scale distribution and sequence content of S/MARs in vivo. Here, we report the use...

To demonstrate a Mixed Axial and Radial field System (MARS) as the best magnet scheme for future ECRISs, MARS-D, a demonstrative ECRIS using a NbTi MARS magnet is progressing at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. An optimized MARS design can use either NbTi or Nb3Sn coils with reduced engineering complexities to construct the needed high-field magnets. The optimized magnet design could enha...