A total of thirteen countries responded to the questionnaire on this item that was circulated by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE). These countries were classified on the basis of the history of FMD outbreaks over the past five years: FMD is endemic, FMD outbreaks are sporadic, FMD outbreaks have rarely occurred and FMD outbreaks have not occurred. The ‘real time’ picture of the FMD...

Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a noninvasive index of endothelial function and vascular health in humans. Studies examining the role of nitric oxide (NO) are not conclusive. In this article, we quantified the contribution of NO in FMD of conduit arteries and explored the effect of the protocol (ie, distal cuff, ≈5-minute ischemia) and method of analysis (ie, automated and continuous edge detec...

OBJECTIVES Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is associated with risk factors providing information on cardiovascular prognosis. Despite the large effort to standardize the methodology, the FMD examination is still characterized by problems of reproducibility and reliability that can be partially overcome with the use of automatic systems. We developed real-time software for the asses...

BACKGROUND Since flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) is influenced by different factors, its clinical usefulness and validation is widely discussed. AIM To assess the major factors that determine FMD values in a wide range of subjects with and without cardiovascular (CV) risk factors/diseases (CVRF/CVD). METHODS AND RESULTS 617 consecutive patients (mean age: 50.1 ± 14.9 years, males: 349/56.5%)...

Introductionl-arginine supplementation may improve vascular endothelial function. As tree nuts and groundnuts are a source of the amino acid l-arginine, we performed meta-analysis human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare effects nut groundnut consumption with those l-arginine on fasting postprandial function as assessed by flow-mediated vasodilation brachial artery (FMD).MethodsSumm...

Indonesia has been hit by outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) after more than 30 years being free FMD. This study aimed to determine the level transmission FMD virus potential economic losses due outbreak. The method used in this research was a case which data for analysis secondary data. analytical reproduction number (R0) impact using Rushton Knight formula. results showed that rate R0 =...

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) endemic regions contain three-quarters of the world's FMD susceptible livestock and most of the world's poor livestock keepers. Yet FMD impact on smallholders in these regions is poorly understood. Diseases of low mortality can exert a large impact if incidence is high. Modelling and field studies commonly find high FMD incidence in endemic countries. Sero-surveys t...

Humoral immune response was evaluated by monitoring the serum antibody titres and virus specific IgM titres against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) virus antigens in serum samples obtained from different groups of calves inoculated with combined vaccine or FMD vaccine alone, on 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 days post-vaccination (DPV). The cellular immune response was monitored by MTT based lymphopr...

A historical review of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in non-domestic species is given and the use of FMD vaccines to protect those species is described. Several non-domestic species are susceptible to FMD. Legislation in many countries, based on the definition of FMD-free status as determined by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE: World organisation for animal health), forms an importa...