Non-destructive eddy current testing (ECT) is widely used to examine structural defects in ferromagnetic pipe in the oil and gas industry. Implementation of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors as magnetic field sensors to detect the changes of magnetic field continuity have increased the sensitivity of eddy current techniques in detecting the material defect profile. However, not many researc...

This paper deals with the mapping approximation problem by means of a neural network. In particular it presents the GMR (Generalized Mapping Regressor) neural network, which belongs to the family of self-supervised NNs. It is an incremental self-organizing neural network which can approximate every multidimensional function or relation presenting any kind of discontinuity. It can also simultane...

Less than thirty years after the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect was described, GMR sensors are the preferred choice in many applications demanding the measurement of low magnetic fields in small volumes. This rapid deployment from theoretical basis to market and state-of-the-art applications can be explained by the combination of excellent inherent properties with the feasibility of fabri...

We have studied the Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) for laterally confined multilayers, e.g., layers of wires, using the classical Boltzmann equation in the current-in-plane (CIP) geometry. For spin-independent specularity factors at the sides of the wires we find that the GMR due to bulk and surface scattering decreases with lateral confinement. The length scale at which this occurs is of order ...

Since the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in magnetic multilayers, several theoretical descriptions have been used to determine the resistivity of such layered structures. The resistance for the current in direction of the planes of layers can easily be measured, and has been intensively studied theoretically. However, the investigation of the GMR for the current perpendicular to...

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and the related cytokines interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-5 regulate the production and functional activation of hematopoietic cells. GM-CSF acts on monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes, and several chronic inflammatory diseases and a number of haematological malignancies such as Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) are associated with d...

In Drosophila melanogaster the male specific lethal (MSL) complex is required for upregulation of expression of most X-linked genes in males, thereby achieving X chromosome dosage compensation. The MSL complex is highly enriched across most active X-linked genes with a bias towards the 3' end. Previous studies have shown that gene transcription facilitates MSL complex binding but the type of pr...

Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) arises from differential scattering of the majority and minority spin electrons by a ferromagnet (FM) so that the resistance of a heterostructure depends on the relative magnetic orientation of the FM layers within it separated by nonmagnetic spacers. Here, we show that highly nonequilibrium spin accumulation in metallic heterostructures results in a current-depend...

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) belong to the most promising new materials which can in the near future revolutionize the conventional electronics. When sandwiched between ferromagnetic electrodes, the CNT behaves like a spacer in conventional spin-valves, leading quite often to a considerable giant magneto-resistance effect (GMR). This paper is devoted to reviewing some topics related to electron corre...

We report an oscillation of the giant magnetoresistance GMR ratio as a function of Ru layer thickness in the CoFe/Cu/ CoFe/Ru/CoFe SAF/Cu/CoFe/IrMn dual spin valve SV structure. A normal GMR with a positive sign is observed for the thickness of Ru providing a ferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling IEC . The inverted GMR is observed for the thickness of Ru providing an antiferromagnetic IEC,...