Theoretical aspects of x-ray standing wave method for investigation of the real structure of crystals are considered in this review paper. Starting from the general approach of the secondary radiation yield from deformed crystals this theory is applied to different concreate cases. Various models of deformed crystals like: bicrystal model, multilayer model, crystals with extended deformation fi...

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2014 Tunneling spectroscopy at high bias has proved to be useful as a tool for studying electronic excitations in junctions although one major difficulty encountered is the huge background in the second derivative of the tunneling characteristics I(V). This background however depends on which second derivative is used. We compare the sensitivity of the functions d2V/dI2, d2I/dV2 and 1/03C3.d03C...

“T I drew, using a mirror; it is my own likeness, in the year 1484, when I was still a child,” wrote Albrecht Dürer about his first self-portrait, sketched with great confidence and skill when he was 13 years old (1). Fascinated by his own image, he continued to paint it throughout his life. His faithful dog once barked and wagged its tail at a newly completed self-portrait of his master, relat...