otitis media with effusion (ome) is very common in pediatric patients. immune reactions in serum and middle ear system play roles in the etiology, pathogenesis and prevention of otitis media. immunologically active antigens interact with immunocompetent cells in the lamina propria of the middle ear to produce a local immune response. in this investigation, 32 sera and 50 middle ear fluid sample...

background: beta-thalassemia major is one of the major health problems in our country. many studies have confirmed the fact that, these patients have an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. objective: in this study, we have assessed the humoral immune system in 68 thalassemic patients by measuring their serum concentration of immunoglobulin g (igg), igm, iga, c3 and c4 in order to ...

C4 photosynthesis is a physiological innovation involving several anatomical and biochemical components that emerged recurrently in flowering plants. This complex trait evolved via a series of physiological intermediates, broadly termed 'C3-C4', which have been widely studied to understand C4 origins. While this research program has focused on biochemistry, physiology, and anatomy, the ecology ...

Most physiology comparisons of C3 and C4 plants are made under current or elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 which do not reflect the low CO2 environment under which C4 photosynthesis has evolved. Accordingly, photosynthetic nitrogen (PNUE) and water (PWUE) use efficiency, and the activity of the photosynthetic carboxylases [Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)] and decarb...

C4 photosynthesis evolved independently numerous times, probably in response to declining atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but also to high temperatures and aridity, which enhance water losses through transpiration. Here, the environmental factors controlling stomatal behaviour of leaf-level carbon and water exchange were examined across the evolutionary continuum from C3 to C4 photosynthesis at...