Abstract Active inference offers a unified theory of perception, learning, and decision-making at computational neural levels description. In this article, we address the worry that active may be in tension with belief–desire–intention (BDI) model within folk psychology because it does not include terms for desires (or other conative constructs) mathematical level To resolve concern, first prov...

Epistemic Indefinites (henceforth EIs) are indefinites in which this ignorance inference is conventionalized (Jayez and Tovena, 2006; Alonso-Ovalle and MenéndezBenito, 2010). Examples of epistemic indefinite determiners are German irgendein (Haspelmath, 1997; Kratzer and Shimoyama, 2002) and Italian un qualche (Zamparelli, 2007). Sentences (2) and (3) make an existential claim, and additionally...

We examine the question of whether violation of 4D physics is an inevitable consequence of existence of an extra non-compactified dimension. Recent investigations in membrane and Kaluza-Klein theory indicate that when the metric of the spacetime is allowed to depend on the extra coordinate, i.e., the cilindric-ity condition is dropped, the equation describing the trajectory of a particle in one...

Error-based Simulation (EBS) is a framework for assisting a learner to become aware of his errors. It makes a simulation based on his erroneous hypothesis to show what unreasonable phenomena would occur if his hypothesis were correct, which has been proved effective in causing cognitive conflict. In making EBS, it is necessary (1) to make a simulation by dealing with a set of inconsistent const...

In the Closest String problem one is given a family S of equal-length strings over some fixed alphabet, and the task is to find a string y that minimizes the maximum Hamming distance between y and a string from S. While polynomial-time approximation schemes (PTASes) for this problem are known for a long time [Li et al.; J. ACM’02], no efficient polynomial-time approximation scheme (EPTAS) has b...

Islam remains misunderstood by many in the West essentially because it has not been part of the Western cultural tradition. Negative perceptions in the West are enhanced by popular reactions to abhorrent practices committed by some Muslims, even when those practices clearly contradict the teachings of Islam.1 These negative perceptions are also enhanced by Islamophobia.2 Conversely, the West’s ...

Recently, Ingraham [1] suggested " a delayed-choice experiment with partial , controllable memory erasing ". We shall show that he cannot be right since his predictions contradict relativistic causality. We shall explain a subtle quantum effect which was overlooked by Ingraham. Let us first sketch Ingraham's argument. He considered two atoms located close to each other. The atoms have four rele...

Recently, Ingraham [1] suggested " a delayed-choice experiment with partial , controllable memory erasing ". We shall show that he cannot be right since his predictions contradict relativistic causality. We shall explain a subtle quantum effect which was overlooked by Ingraham. Let us first sketch Ingraham's argument. He considered two atoms located close to each other. The atoms have four rele...

Most people know that the Pacific is the largest ocean on Earth and that Edison invented the light bulb. Our question is whether this knowledge is stable, or if people will incorporate errors into their knowledge bases, even if they have the correct knowledge stored in memory. To test this, we asked participants general-knowledge questions 2 weeks before they read stories that contained errors ...