This appendix provides additional details of the robustness checks that are not fully explained in the paper due to limited space. The first section of this appendix discusses alternative estimations of the baseline model, Equation (1). The second section provides the details about the propensity score matching (PSM) Analysis. The third section presents more details about our two-stage least sq...

Instrumental variable estimates of causal effects can be biased when using many instruments that are only weakly associated with the exposure. We describe several techniques to reduce this bias and estimate corrected standard errors. We present our findings using a simulation study and an empirical application. For the latter, we estimate the effect of height on lung function, using genetic var...

in this paper, we will review the foreign exchange market and will try to extract an exchange market pressure and an intervention index for iran by following the weymark (1995) approach to evaluate the central bank of iran’s exchange rate policy during 1368:q1 to 1391:q3. the estimation method employed, is the econometric technique known in the literature as the two-stage least squares (2sls).t...

BACKGROUND Studies on the relationship between unemployment rate and smoking have yielded mixed results. The issue in China has not been studied. This study aims to examine the influence of unemployment rate on smoking in China. METHODS Logit model and two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation were used to estimate the effects. Estimations were done for 4585 individual over 45 using data from...

E-commerce plays a crucial role in the digital economy. can reduce costs and boost economic growth. Therefore, global rate of is increasing very fast, which has implications for This study analyses impact e-commerce on environmental sustainability. The empirical analysis employed OLS, 2SLS, GMM, panel quantile regression methods using data 10 European economies spanning over 2002–2019. Carbon e...

The aim of this paper is to measure the returns to migration using non-experimental data taking both observed and unobserved characteristics into account. A significant challenge related to migration research and the issues of unobserved heterogeneity is that the standard 2stage least squares estimator (2SLS) is strictly only applicable to situations with linear and continuous treatment and out...