Abstract Shape-shifting materials are a powerful tool for the fabrication of reconfigurable materials. Upon activation, not only change in their shape but also large shift material properties can be realized. As compared with 4D printing 2D-to-3D shape-shifting materials, (i.e., 3D-to-3D shape-shifting) remains challenging. That is caused by intrinsically 2D nature layer-by-layer manner fabrica...

4D printing is a pioneer field to produce functional smart devices. The combination of 3D and material called as printing. extra dimension refers time in order shape transformation the printed part during time. FDM universal process thermoplastic polymers. Therefore, for successful typical deep understanding every aspect memory polymers especially necessary. So, this chapter, polymers, preparat...

This review demonstrates that 4D printing constitutes a key technology to enable significant advances in microrobotics. Unlike traditional microfabrication techniques, provides higher versatility, more sophisticated designs, and wide range of sensing actuation possibilities, opening new avenues for the next generation microrobots. It brings disruptive solutions terms variety stimuli, workspaces...

This work concerns a structural topology optimisation problem for 4D printing based on the phase field approach. The concept of as targeted evolution 3D printed structures can be realised in two-step process. One first fabricates object with multi-material active composites and apply external loads programming stage . Then, change an environmental stimulus removal cause to deform programmed dyn...

4D printing is utilized to fabricate of thermo-deformable bow-tie antenna fulfill some special applications with limited space or changing property. In this paper, used manufacture nylon and carbon fiber laminated composite material. The installed on the surface material, energized heated, which causes thermal deformation substrate reconfigure feature. mechanism material explained, characterist...

Abstract Superabsorbent polymers are materials that exhibit a high swelling behavior in liquids and can hold the absorbed liquid even against externally applied pressure. They commercially used, for example, baby diapers, fake snow, or swellable children's toys. Most available superabsorbent based on polymerized crosslinked sodium acrylate. Here, material formulation to create 3D objects using ...