according to abū al-barakāt baghdādī, time and place are a priori conditions of motion; moreover, against the peripatetic philosophers, for whom time is the measure of motion, he holds that time is the measure of existence. nevertheless, he believes that we can define motion on the basis of our intuitive non-scientific concept of time and, by so doing, we can resolve the apparent circularity of...

in the early centuries, the land of persia was a scene of clashes, riots, revolutions – great and small – consisting of various political, religious, and social motivations. in the meantime, maybe the least known of all is the uprising of abū ‘īsā iṣfahānī, which, because he and his followers were jewish and as it was a resurgence in a country with a muslim population as well as due to the ambi...