al-jawahiri, one of the most illustrious contemporary classical poets of iraq, was born in the holy city of najaf to a cultured, scholarly, and cultivated family. the scientific and cultural environment of najaf, the literary and scientific richness of his familial atmosphere, and al-jawahiri’s poetic taste and talent caused him to turn to his predecessor poets’ works, especially the ones from ...

â â â â â  bashar b. burd's atheism: reality or politics? â  â seyyed mohammad javad moosavi bafrooi * â  â abstract â many historical events demand more reflection. one of such cases is bashshar b. burd about whom there are different opinions. some people believe that he was killed because of the accusation of being atheist. however, because of the following reasons, it seems that such a ...

This study aims to determine the Islamic civilization during time of Rashidun caliphs, Rasyidin Khulafaur were leaders who replaced Prophet Muhammad in managing human life just, wise, clever, always carried out their duties properly and received guidance from Allah. The task was replace leadership lives Muslims. In Abu Bakr, he his power as Prophet, central; Legislative, executive judicial powe...