high penetrability of wireless, mobile, portable, and handheld devices has resultedin education for all as the mobile’s challenge coincides with an unprecedentedgrowth in access to pedagogical materials technology, particularly in developingcountries (unesco mobile learning week report, 2011). the present study setout to discover how muslim learners of english as a foreign language (efl) areenc...

Abbreviating paths with iterated wild cards is an abstraction mechanism common to Adaptive Programming (AP), eXtensible Markup Language (XML) document processing, and Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP). Recognition of abbreviated paths is used to for navigation in both AP and XML, and to decide upon advice execution in AOP. Finite state automata have been used for efficient recognition of abbrev...

Standard and abbreviated distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) procedures derived using the Grason Stadler Model 60 instrument were compared. The standard and abbreviated procedures were compared at frequencies of 1000, 1250, 1593, 2000, 2531, and 3187 Hz for 48 ears from 28 subjects. The subject pool included individuals with normal hearing and those with sensorineural hearing loss...

Users often abbreviate long words when using spoken dialogue systems, which results in automatic speech recognition (ASR) errors. We define abbreviated words as sub-words of the original word, and add them into an ASR dictionary. The first problem is that proper nouns cannot be correctly segmented by general morphological analyzers, although long and compounded words need to be segmented in agg...

We investigated whether the rating obtained in the EuroNCAP test procedures correlates with injury protection to vehicle occupants in real crashes using data in the UK Cooperative Crash Injury Study (CCIS) database from 1996 to 2005. Multivariate Poisson regression models were developed, using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score by body region as the dependent variable and the EuroNCAP sco...