studying human free will and option in both theoretical and practical aspects of human life has always been of vital importance. the reason why lies in the relation between one`s religious beliefs and practical life. with regard to the effect of free will as the base of human action, knowing the meaning and its essential agents has been necessary.  although most experts and scholars have been a...

modern age due to its epistemological virtue has a special important, since it defined a new relation between human and truth, in which some modern philosophers, like descartes, kant and nietzsche have more roles. in this thought, human could take place as the center and criterion of understanding and interpretation of truth. in fact, human’s subjectivism has been of more important role in unde...

Although worship has a pivotal place in religious thought and practice, philosophers of religion have had remarkably little to say about it. In this paper we examine some of the many questions surrounding the notion of worship, focusing on the claim that human beings have obligations to worship God. We explore a number of attempts to ground our supposed duty to worship God, and argue that each ...

problem of evil is something which is considered against existence of god or his attributes like being omnipotent and absolutely good. philosophers and theologians have tried to solve this problem by different ways. the solution which is accepted by muslim philosophers is the nothingness of evils. according to this opinion evils are not except nothing of essence or perfections of essence. in th...

The moral theory of St Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) has a theological as well as a philosophical aspect; indeed Thomistic moral philosophy, while theoretically complete in itself, is subsumed into moral theology. I shall here be concerned only with the moral philosophy of Aquinas, but first a word on the possibility ofconsidering his moral philosophy without discussing his moral theology. As a Ch...

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is central to modern biology, but is resisted by many people. This paper discusses the major psychological obstacles to accepting Darwin’s theory. Cognitive obstacles to adopting evolution by natural selection include conceptual difficulties, methodological issues, and coherence problems that derive from the intuitiveness of alternative theories...