Leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes) in the active circulation exhibit multiple phenotypic indicators for a low level of cellular activity, like lack pseudopods and minimal amounts activated, cell-adhesive integrins on their surfaces. In contrast, before these cells enter bone marrow or when they recross endothelium into extravascular tissues peripheral organs are fully activated. We review here...

Background: Euphorbia plants are traditionally used in folk medicine for infections, inflammation, and cancer. Objectives: To investigate the effects of the butanolic extracts of Euphorbia micorociadia and Euphorbia osyridea on specific transcription factors and cytokines expression of T cell subsets. Methods: Activated mouse splenocytes were cultured in the presence of non-cytotoxic concentrat...

In silico designed peptides showed high binding affinity towards activated human hepatic stellate cells, offering new strategies to target insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor in fibrotic liver and suggesting a potential for noninvasive diagnosis.

Abstract Agonist bias occurs when different ligands produce distinct signalling outputs acting at the same receptor. However, its physiological relevance is not always clear. Using primary human cells and gene editing techniques, we demonstrate endogenous agonist with consequences for calcitonin receptor-like receptor, CLR. By switching receptor-activity modifying protein (RAMP) associated CLR ...

Introduction: Nucleus cuneiformis (NCF), as part of descending pain inhibitory system, cooperates with periaqueductal gray (PAG) and rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in supraspinal modulation of pain. Cannabinoids have analgesic effects in the PAG, RVM and NCF. The transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1(TRPV1) can be activated by anandamide and WIN55,212-2 as a cannabinoid receptor ago...