Toluene primary reference fuel (TPRF) mixtures containing iso-octane (i-C8H18), n-heptane (n-C7H16), and toluene (C6H5CH3) are commonly used as gasoline surrogates. We report the occurrence of super adiabatic flame temperature (SAFT) during premixed combustion TPRF in air. Both 1-D 0-D (well-stirred) reactor configurations have been considered for chemical kinetic analysis with Cantera version ...

The flashback or propagation of premixed flames along the near-wall low-velocity region at the base of a laminar boundary layer of a reactive mixture has been studied numerically. The analysis, carried out using the constant density approximation for an Arrhenius overall reaction, accounts for the effects of the Lewis number of the fuel. The flow field, as seen by an observer moving with the fr...

The lower flammability limit (LFL) of a fuel is the minimum composition in air over which a flame can propagate. Calculated adiabatic flame temperatures (CAFT) are a powerful tool to estimate the LFL of gas mixtures. Different CAFT values are used for the estimation of LFL. SuperChems is used by industry to perform flammability calculations under different initial conditions which depends on th...

We present an asymptotic study of the effect of volumetric heat loss on the propagation of triple flames in a counterflow configuration at constant density. Analytical results for the speed, the local burning rate, the shape and the extent of the flame front are derived in the asymptotic limits of weak strain rates and large activation energies and for Lewis numbers that are near unity. The res...

A hybrid numerical model previously developed for combustion simulations is extended in this article to describe flame propagation and stabilization porous media. The model, with a special focus on flame/wall interaction processes, validated via corresponding benchmarks involving channels both adiabatic constant-temperature walls. Simulations different channel widths show that the can correctly...

The study of premixed laminar flames is a central question in combustion theory. Here the differential equations describing steady flame propagation are investigated mathematically. The emphasis is on analytic results, hence a simple model, a onestep exothermic reaction with linear or radiative heat loss is studied. The equations governing our model can be considered as travelling wave equation...

This present work proposes a method to exactly evaluate the thermal process of Ammonium perchlorate/Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (AP/HTPB) propellant. The three-dimensional propellant pack is generated by Monte-Carlo obtain representative sandwich model on base dual-slicing technique. AP monopropellant flame height H1, primary diffusion H2 and final H3 are jointly determined temperature co...

Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the process of spontaneous ignition hydrogen flames at laminar, turbulent, adiabatic and non-adiabatic conditions. Mixtures vitiated air temperatures representing gas-turbine reheat combustion considered. Adiabatic processes investigated first, providing a quantitative characterization stable unstable flames. Results indicate that,...

In this paper, the effect of air turbulence intensity on the flame structure in various radii and lengths of a flame holder numerically studied. Finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations. The obtained numerical results using realizable k-ε and β-PDF models show a good agreement with the experimental data. The results show that flame holder with greater lengths yield shorter ...

Laminar hydrocarbon flames, which have adiabatic flame speeds on the order of a meter per second, are conventionally described by a leading convective-diffusive zone followed by an energyreleasing reactive-diffusive region. On the other hand, combustion induced by a strong shock wave is typically modeled as a convective-reactive balance with negligible diffusion, which may be called a convectiv...