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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the differences that immigrants have in the Spanish labour market. Immigrants in Spain come from a diversity of continents (Africa, South America, Eastern Europe, Asia, etc.), and there are substantial differences in characteristics not only among continents but also among countries in each continent. These differences are reflected in the labour market a...

The vital statistics show that human females outlive males at every biological stage. Once the embryo arrives in uterus, more die stage, least until eighth decade when majority of survivors are female. Unexpectedly, same also boys born than girls, which is difficult to explain, because sperm determine sex fetus, not skewed toward males. Recently, new data reveal reason for increased number male...