The recent divergence of Orchard (Icterus spurius spurius) and Fuertes’s Orioles (I. s. fuertesi) makes them an ideal system for investigating species boundaries. Orchard and Fuertes’s Orioles differ in several respects. They have distinct breeding ranges—Fuertes’s Orioles breed in eastern coastal Mexico, whereas Orchard Orioles breed throughout eastern and central North America—and differ in p...

Pear trees on their own roots are tested in comparison to grafted trees in growth and yield characteristics and with special regard to the tolerance to diseases, above all fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). In spring 2004 15 randomized trees of the cultivar 'Williams' from three variants (self rooted in vitro, self rooted long cuttings, grafted on Quince A) were planted in a pear orchard, which w...

Ecologically based farming conserves and improves the soil resource and protects environmental quality by using organic or natural resources without the application of synthetic chemicals. Soil quality assessment indicates the ability of management systems to optimize soil productivity and to maintain its structural and biological integrity. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of ecologica...

This study was conducted to develop a software program which computes optimal path for autonomous navigation in orchard, especially for speed sprayer. Possibilities of autonomous navigation in orchard were shown by other researches which have minimized distance error between planned path and performed path. But, research of planning an optimal path for speed sprayer in orchard is hardly founded...

In 1989, identical crosses (2-3 females within males) were performed with Picea abies (L.) Karst. in a greenhouse seed orchard at Biri nursery and in an outdoor seed orchard at Huse, 32 km north of Biri. Pollination began 17 days earlier in the greenhouse than outdoors at Huse. The potted grafts in the greenhouse were moved outdoors when the seed cones were no longer receptive. Twelve full-sib ...

Let G be an abstract graph. Motivated by the Orchard relation, introduced in [3, 4], we have defined the Orchard crossing number of G [5], in a similar way to the well-known rectilinear crossing number of an abstract graph G (denoted by cr(G), see [1, 8]). A general reference for crossing numbers can be [6]. The Orchard crossing number is interesting for several reasons. First, it is based on t...

Autonomous operation and information processing in an orchard environment requires an accurate inventory of the trees. Individual trees must be identified and catalogued in order to represent their distinct measures such as yield count, crop health and canopy volume. Hand labelling individual trees is a labour-intensive and time-consuming process. This paper presents a trunk localisation pipeli...

ORCHARD, A.E. & DAVIES, J.B., 1985 (3I:vii): Oreoporanthera, a New Zealand "endemic" plant genus discovered in Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R.Soc. Tasm. 119:61-63. ISSN 0080-4703. Tasmanian Herbarium, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Tasmania, and Department of Agriculture, Marine Board Building, Hobart, Tasmania. Recent collections near Mt Anne in southwestern Tasmania have extended the known range of the previo...