The concept of in-air output ratio (Sc) was introduced to characterize how the incident photon fluence per monitor unit (or unit time for a Co-60 unit) varies with collimator settings. 2 This quantity is also called inair output factor, collimator-scatter factor, and headscatter factor. 6 The latter two names were somewhat misleading since they emphasized a single component of the output ratio....

In this paper, using annular resonator we have designed an adding and dropping filter light based ontwo-dimensional photonic crystals. The shape of ring resonator filter adding and dropping that wehave proposed is Race Track. This filter has a hexagonal lattice structure of silicon bars withrefractive index 3/46 that is located in the context of air with refractive index 1. Transmissionefficien...

here, we propose an optical filter and an optical power splitter based on two-dimensionalphotonic crystal all circular ring resonators. these structures are made of a square lattice ofsilicon rods with the refractive index n1=3.464 surrounded by air (with refractive indexn2=1). first, we have designed the filter and by using that, we designed a power splitter. thetransmission efficiency and qua...

introduction:  skin  sparing  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  characteristics  of  high  energy  photon  beams. however, the photons emerging from the target of linacs are contaminated by secondary  electrons  as  a  result  of  their  interactions  with  air,  collimators,  flattening  filter  and  any  other  objects in their path. this phenomenon tends to increase the skin dose received b...

Mammography, using X-rays, is routinely utilized for screening of patients for prevention of breast cancer. Nevertheless, there is a small but significant risk of radiation induced carcinogenenesis associated with radiation exposure of the breast, being glandular tissue the most sensitive one among the tissues composing breast. Risk estimation in mammography may be determined by the mean absorb...

Abstrak: Air yang dikonsumsi manusia haruslah memenuhi indikator fisika, kimia, dan biologi, agar tidak emnimbulkan gangguan kesehatan. Mn Fe adalah kimiawi air, apabila diatas batas aman, maka akan menimbulkan penyakit bagi manusia. Masalah dihadapi oleh mitra kegiatan ini air baku tercemar dalam jumlah cukup besar (2) Tujuan pengabdian untuk memberikan solusi pengolahan melalui desain alat pe...

Introduction:  Skin  sparing  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  characteristics  of  high  energy  photon  beams. However, the photons emerging from the target of linacs are contaminated by secondary  electrons  as  a  result  of  their  interactions  with  air,  collimators,  flattening  filter  and  any  other  objects in their path. This phenomenon tends to increase the skin dose received b...