Introduction According to Anbar & Knoll (2002), the Proterozoic ocean was in a transition stage from euxinic with oxygenated shallow water to the fully oxygenated water column of the present day. Though there is no direct proxy for the concentration of oxygen in the past, carbon and sulfur isotopes help constrain these concentrations. The carbon and sulfur cycles underwent vast transitions in t...

Developed countries are interested in the retired segment and provide them with many services such as medical care, housing entertainment, whether it is between his family or homes of elderly, discrepancy world retirement age, but Iraq a large number referred to when they reach civil legal age (60 years). Al-Askari (50 years) has service no less than (15 years), noted that residents increased y...