In 2001, railways in Japan carried 21.79 billion passengers (25.1% of all passenger transport) or 384.5 billion passenger-km (27% of all passenger transport). Rail freight totalled 59 million tonnes (1.0% of all freight transport) or 22.2 billion tonnekm (3.8% of total), clearly indicating that Japanese railway operators are almost exclusively passenger companies. Following the 1987 privatizati...

The surface subsidence caused by underground mining is a spatiotemporal process. impact of on structures (houses, highways, railways, dikes, etc.) and in rock strata (shafts, roadways, chambers, dynamic It necessary to study the movement law overlying process working face predict extent aforementioned structures. provides reference for pre-reinforcement post-mining treatment. This paper studies...

Railways were the most important infrastructure development in India from 1850 to 1947. They were inter-connected with all aspects of Indian society. In terms of the economy, railways played a major role in integrating markets and increasing trade. Domestic and international economic trends shaped the pace of railway construction and the demand for the important traffic flows to the ports. In t...

Despite being one of the world’s largest railways networks, with a daily transportation of over 25 million passengers and 2.8 million tons of freight, the Indian Railways perform their signaling, traffic management and trains scheduling activities in a completely manual way. The lack of automation causes not only significant delays, but also frequent collisions where passengers die or remain se...

underground economy affects important indexes such as formal gdp, unemployment, consumption, production and etc. therefore it is necessary to identify elements and factors which affect underground economy to restrict it. surveys and studies indicate the size of iran’s underground economy is high and taxes, quantity and quality of regulations and performance of formal economy are the important f...

High-speed railways often run over underground metro stations. Dynamic load induced by high-speed train can influence the internal force of structure and hence pose danger to structure. Hence, it is necessary estimate safety due load. In this paper, effects dynamic on station are investigated carrying out three-dimensional numerical analysis. Guinan railway, which designed Jinqiao in Nanning, G...

In the economically developed Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, magnetotelluric data are susceptible to contamination from cultural noise, which can be caused, for example, by urban stray currents, high-speed railways, or high-voltage lines. The multiple remote references method is an effective tool that used suppress interference and improve signal-to-noise ratios. Therefore, this paper first intr...

Formal verification and validation is a fundamental step for the certification of railways critical systems. Many railways safety standards (e.g. the CENELEC EN-50126, EN-50128 and EN-50129 standards implement the mandatory safety requirements of IEC-61508-7 standard for Functional and Safety) currently mandate the use of formal methods in the design to certify correctness. In this paper we des...