To improve the interpretation of surface cryospheric albedo from satellite sensor data, diurnal measurements of the spectral bi-directional reflectance of a commonly-found fresh-water ice type were made, from which hemispherical reflectance can be derived. The purpose of this study is to document its clear-sky, bi-directional reflectance characteristics in the visible (650--670 nm) and near-inf...

We measured the first azimuthal distributions of triple–differential cross sections of neutrons emitted in heavy-ion collisions, and compared their maximum azimuthal anisotropy ratios with Boltzmann–Uehling–Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations with a momentum-dependent interaction. The BUU calculations agree with the tripleand double-differential cross sections for positive rapidity neutrons emitted at...

In this study various electrical conductivity approximations used in bidomain models of cardiac tissue are considered. Comparisons are based on epicardial surface potential distributions arising from regions of subendocardial ischaemia situated within the cardiac tissue. Approximations studied are a single conductivity bidomain model, an isotropic bidomain model and equal and reciprocal anisotr...

We show that the equilibrium shape anisotropy of two-dimensional islands in heteroepitaxial growth depends on island size, a consequence of the presence of strain. Even in homoepitaxy, in which the island shape has conventionally been equated with the ratio of step energies, a substrate surface stress anisotropy can influence island shape.

We have determined the magnetic properties of single-crystalline Au nanorods in solution using an optically detected magnetic alignment technique. The rods exhibit a large anisotropy in the magnetic volume susceptibility (Δχ(V)). Δχ(V) increases with decreasing rod size and increasing aspect ratio and corresponds to an average volume susceptibility (χ(V)), which is drastically enhanced relative...

BACKGROUND Ablation of cardiac tissue with pulsed electric fields is a promising alternative to current thermal ablation methods, and it critically depends on the electric field distribution in the heart. METHODS We developed a model that incorporates the twisted anisotropy of cardiac tissue and computed the electric field distribution in the tissue. We also performed experiments in rabbit ve...

A key question in diffusion imaging is how many diffusion-weighted images suffice to provide adequate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for studies of fiber integrity. Motion, physiological effects, and scan duration all affect the achievable SNR in real brain images, making theoretical studies and simulations only partially useful. We therefore scanned 50 healthy adults with 105-gradient high-angula...

The aim of this study was to establish the role played by anisotropic diffusion in (i) the number of filaments and epicardial phase singularities that sustain ventricular fibrillation in the heart, (ii) the lifetimes of filaments and phase singularities, and (iii) the creation and annihilation dynamics of filaments and phase singularities. A simplified monodomain model of cardiac tissue was use...

The steady-state polarization (or anisotropy) of the fluorescent dye 1,6-diphenyl-1,3-5-hexatriene in amniotic fluid samples and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of the samples were correlated with development of respiratory distress syndrome in newborns. We found that clinical samples have a variable endogenous fluorescence that reduces the observed polarization (or anisotropy). This backgroun...

We present explicit, analytic, and closed-form expressions for describing magnetic behaviors of materials having the magnetic anisotropy energy of K sin u. The functional forms of the expressions depend on the ratio of an applied field to an anisotropy field and the ratio of the lowest critical field, for a domain wall to nucleate or move, to the anisotropy field. The present expressions for fu...