Receiver bias models of signal evolution are typically regarded as alternatives or complements to ornament evolution due to coevolving mate choice, whereas sexually or socially selected agonistic signals are rarely studied with respect to receiver psychology. Against the background of convergent evolution of red agonistic signals from yellow ancestors in the genus Euplectes (widowbirds and bish...

all of the tea plantations in iran are concentrated in the caspian sea region on soils previously developed under deciduous natural forests. this research conducted to study the effect of land use change (from forest to tea) on selected physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of soils under humid climate and mountainous landscape in northern iran. three transects facing west to northwest ...

The distinctive orange and black wings of monarchs (Danaus plexippus) have long been known to advertise their bitter taste and toxicity to potential predators. Recent work also showed that both the orange and black coloration of this species can vary in response to individual-level and environmental factors. Here we examine the relationship between wing color and flight performance in captive-r...

La Mancha (Central Spain) is one of the most extensive vineyard regions in world, and ‘Valdepeñas’ a representative Protected Denomination Origin (PDO) this region. However, what are their main soil types? kind horizons common? role geomorphological positions pedodiversity? After describing sampling 90 profiles area, Alfisols, Inceptisols Entisols were mainly identified Soil Taxonomy terms; oth...