leishmaniasis has a wide spectrum of signs and symptoms due to infection to numbers of leishmania species and makes enormous mortality and morbidity. there are clues of antileishmanial effects of prenylated coumarins. apiaceae family is one of the most important sources of coumarins. air-dried aerial parts of ferulago angulata and fruits of prangos asperula were extracted with n -hexane, using ...

1. Trade-offs in an herbivore’s ability to feed, avoid predation and succeed on alternative hosts are thought to be major driving factors in host specialization. In this study, we compared how two closely related milkweed beetles (Tetraopes spp.) that have specialized on separate Asclepias species respond to host switching to alternative milkweed plants. By additionally examining effects on the...

Medicinal plant species constitute a considerable part of the flora in Iran and play a major role in the composition of plant communities. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the factors leading to the establishment and distribution of vegetation. For data sampling (2012), land units were specified. The plot size was determined using minimal area method and number of plots was determined by...