OBJECTIVE To date, the evidence on pelvic floor injury in labor remains sketchy due to a lack of prospective studies comparing pelvic floor imaging before and after childbirth. We intended to define the incidence of major trauma to the pubovisceral muscle. METHODS A total of 61 nulliparous women were seen at 36-40 weeks of gestation in a prospective observational study. The assessment include...

In 1953, Virginia Apgar published the article "A Proposal for a New Method for Evaluation of the Newborn Infant" about her method for scoring newborn infants directly after birth to assess their health and whether medical intervention was necessary. Apgar worked at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York City, New York, as an obstetrical anesthesiologist, a physician who administers pain medicati...

background & aim : the process of delivery, from physiologic point of view, is similar to long exercises and decrease in physical activities is so common during pregnancy which could cause disruptions in the process of delivery. the present study aimed to determine the effects of exercise on childbirth process among primigravid women. methods & materials : this single-blind randomized clinical ...

INTRODUCTION Learning is essential for sustainable employability. However, various factors make work-related learning more difficult for certain groups of workers, who are consequently at a disadvantage in the labour market. In the long term, that in turn can have adverse health implications and can make those groups vulnerable. With a view to encouraging workers to continue learning, the Nethe...

BACKGROUND Few studies from low-income countries have addressed women's fear of childbirth (FOC) although likely to affect women during both pregnancy and childbirth. The aim of this study was to explore FOC in a high maternal mortality setting in the Arab region, Yemen. METHODS A multi-stage (stratified-purposive-random) sampling process was used. We interviewed 220 women with childbirth exp...

Many epidemiologic and clinical studies have indicated that the frequency of breast cancer was lower in parous women than in nulliparous women. Moreover, the incidence of breast cancer has been reported to be lower in women with early childbirth than in women with late childbirth. To verify the effect of childbirth and the age at first childbirth on carcinogenesis and progression of breast canc...

Do liquidity constraints prohibit individuals from making optimal consumption and investment decisions over the life cycle? I test for the existence of short-run credit constraints surrounding the decision to invest in college, which is of particular concern given the large recent increases in the real cost of college attendance. I add to the literature on higher education credit constraints by...

Programmatic assessment requires labour and cost intensive activities such as feedback in a quantitative and qualitative form, a system of learner support in guiding feedback uptake and self-directed learning, and a decision-making arrangement that includes committees of experts making a holistic professional judgment while using due process measures to achieve trustworthy decisions. This can o...

I Morgan AH, Hilgard JR. Stanford hypnotic clinical scale. In: Hilgard ER, Hilgard JR, eds. Hypnosis in the reliefofpain. Los Altos, California: Kauffmann, 1975: appendix A. 2 Davidson JA. An assessment of the value of hypnosis in pregnancy and labour. Br Med J 1962;ii:951-2. 3 Charles AG, Norr KL, Block CR, Meyering G, Meyers E. Obstetric and psychological effect of psycho-prophylactic prepara...