introduction wedge modifiers are commonly applied in external beam radiotherapy to change the dose distribution corresponding to the body contour and to obtain a uniform dose distribution within the target volume. since the radiation dose delivered to the target must be within ±5% of the prescribed dose, accurate dose calculation by a treatment planning system (tps) is important. the objective ...

The analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA) was implemented in the Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems) treatment planning system to replace the single pencil beam (SPB) algorithm for the calculation of dose distributions for photon beams. AAA was developed to improve the dose calculation accuracy, especially in heterogeneous media. The total dose deposition is calculated as the superposition of the...

We consider a hybrid quantum Hall-superconductor system, where superconducting finger with oblique profile is wedged into two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of perpendicular magnetic field, as considered by Lee et al., Nat. Phys. 13, 693 (2017). The Hall regime at filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$. Due to Meissner effect, field close boundary distorted and gives rise an in-plane com...

background: accurate small radiation field dosimetry is essential in modern radiotherapy techniques such as stereotactic radiosurgery (srs) and intensity modulated radiotherapy (imrt). precise measurement of dosimetric parameters such as beam profile, percentage depth doses and output factor of these beams are complicated due to the electron disequilibrium and the steep dose gradients. in the p...

credence goods market is one of the markets that the asymmetric information has transformed it to a missing market. those goods and services that the applicant cannot determine the exact amount of their expenses due to the asymmetric information are called credence goods. from the economists' perspective, transaction in a market where participants are ignorant about each other is a game wi...

The composite cavity fiber laser (CCFL) is relatively simple in its fabrication, as it is essentially three wavelength matched Bragg gratings in a section of doped fiber. By using internal feedback with unequal sub-cavity lengths, unidirectional CCFLs with significantly asymmetric output power from its two outputs can be achieved. Preliminary results also show that it is possible for the lasing...