Performance of adaptive optics (AO) compensation for beam control is quantified via wave-optical propagation, sensing, and control methods using wind tunnel measurements of aero-optical disturbances in addition to Kolmogorov turbulence distributed over a laser path. For Kolmogorov turbulence the residual phase variance scales as (fG/f3dB) , where fG is the Greenwood frequency for the propagatio...

Cold nutrient-rich water from below the shallow seasonal thermocline is sometimes injected into the surface layer when a storm passes in a warm season. Decrease in sea surface temperature (SST) and increase in chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) in a short period due to storm passages have been clearly captured by satellite observations [1]. Understanding the short-term Chl-a increase phenomena...

BACKGROUND The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere steadily increases as a consequence of anthropogenic emissions but with large interannual variability caused by the terrestrial biosphere. These variations in the CO2 growth rate are caused by large-scale climate anomalies but the relative contributions of vegetation growth and soil decomposition is uncertain. We use a biogeochemical mod...

Introduction: Atmospheric dust plays an important role in regulating the climate of Mars and strongly influences the deposition of incoming solar energy and outgoing infrared radiation, thereby affecting atmospheric dynamics through heating. The lifting of dust from the surface is fundamentally a result of atmospheric circulations, and this provides an opportuntity for feedback between atmosphe...

EDITORIAL article Front. Environ. Sci., 09 May 2023Sec. Atmosphere and Climate Volume 11 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1199573

The wind velocity and temperature profiles observed in the middle atmosphere (altitude: 10-100 km) show perturbations resulting from superposition of various atmospheric waves, including atmospheric gravity waves. Atmospheric gravity waves are known to play an important role in determining the general circulation in the middle atmosphere by dynamical stresses caused by gravity wave breaking. In...