in the present study, the concentrations of three heavy metals including lead (pb), zinc (zn) and arsenic (as) in 72 different honey samples collected from north-western regions of iran were investigated using atomic absorption spectroscopy method. all metals were detected in 88.88% of the honey samples. the range of metals contamination in honey samples was 0.01 to 11.09 ppm. zn was the most a...

copper (cu) is an essential element required by all living organisms, since at least 30 enzymes are known to use cu as a cofactor. cu is also toxic in excess and liver and gills are known to be target organs for it. in the present study, 240 siberian sturgeon juvenile (with initial weight 29.2 ± 3.1 g and initial length 21.8 ± 1.4 cm) were randomly distributed in 12 fiberglass tanks at 4 differ...

A new in-process atomic-force microscopy (AFM) based inspection is presented for nanolithography to compensate for any deviation such as instantaneous degradation of the lithography probe tip. Traditional method used the AFM probes for lithography work and retract to inspect the obtained feature but this practice degrades the probe tip shape and hence, affects the measurement quality. This pape...

1. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 1.1. Reviews 1.2. AMS systems 1.3. Methodology 1.4. Developments in radiocarbon analysis 1.5. Developments in the measurement of elements other than carbon 2. Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) 3. Gas chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS) 4. Glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) 4.1. Reviews 4.2. Instrumentation 4.3. Analytica...

Recent results on the reflection of waves from ridged mirrors are discussed. Numerical calculations, analytical estimates and the direct measurements of coefficient of specular reflection of atomic waves from solid-state mirrors are combined. The reflectivity is approximated as an elementary function of period L of ridges, their width , wavenumber K, grazing angle θ and effective depth w of the...

We present a new scalable fault-tolerant algorithm which ensures total order delivery of messages sent to multiple groups of processes. The algorithm is scalable in the sense that: (1) any process can multicast a message to one or more groups of processes without being forced to join those groups; (2) inter-group total order is ensured system-wide but, for each individual multicast, the number ...

Atomic broadcast and atomic multicast are communication primitives which ensure that processes agree on the sequence of messages they deliver. Whereas atomic broadcast is used to send messages to the set of all the processes in the system, atomic multicast sends messages to speciic subsets of processes. We say that an atomic multicast algorithm is \genuine", if only the sender and the destinati...

the term electronegativity .was introduced by linus pauling, who characterized on the basis ofthermodynamic data from the energies of the single bonds. in present study, the density functional theory(dft) was used to calculate electronegativity of atoms. the base of calculation is similar to pauling andmulliken methods. the results indicate that the largest value of electronegativity for fluori...