The presence of several different autoantibodies (auto-AT) at the same time is a specific peculiarity “autoantibody profile” SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus). It known that induction auto-AT formation involves both nonspecific and antigen-specific immunoregulatory disorders. In apoptosis, primary changes in cell membrane composition or/and excretion intracellular compounds into intercellular ...

PURPOSE To examine the association of personal values, the built environment, and auto availability with walking for transportation. SETTING Participants were drawn from 11 U.S. metropolitan areas with good transit services. SUBJECTS 865 adults who had recently made or were contemplating making a residential move. MEASURES Respondents reported if walking was their primary mode for nine tr...

Sera from cases of rheumatic disorder were tested against antigen extracted from human prostate by the haemagglutination method. The reactions were compared with those obtained using antigens from liver, kidney, and colon. It was found that most cases of Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and some of uveitis possess circulating antibodies to prostate tissue. The significance of this res...

Antigen presentation is highly critical in adoptive immunity. Only by interacting with antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, helper T cells can be stimulated to fight infections or diseases. The degradation of a full protein into small peptide fragments bound to class II molecules is a dynamic, lengthy process consisting of many steps and chaperons. Deregula...

Pancreatic islets, transplanted into recipients with type 1 diabetes, are exposed to allogenic and auto-immune T-cell responses. We set out to develop an assay to measure these responses using PBMC. Our approach was to prepare spleen extract from the islet donors (allo-antigen) and islet extracts (auto-antigen). To our surprise, we found that spleen extracts potently inhibited the proliferation...

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) controls antigen receptor-mediated signalling to nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) through both its adaptor and protease function. Upon antigen stimulation, MALT1 forms a complex with BCL10 and CARMA1, which is essential for initial IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Parallel induction of MALT1 protease activity serves to inactivate negativ...

Bidirectional interactions between dendritic cells and Ag-experienced T cells initiate either a tolerogenic or immunogenic pathway. The outcome of these interactions is of crucial importance in malignancy, transplantation, and autoimmune diseases. Blockade of costimulation results in the induction of T helper cell anergy and subsequent differentiation of antigen-specific CD8+ T suppressor/regul...

While investigating the effect on B cells of repetitive in vivo immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT), we observed the subsequent development of specific anergy for T cell delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) to TT. This appeared approximately 35 d after a series of five booster immunizations. Concurrently, in vitro T cell blastogenic responses were preserved. Serum obtained when the skin tests were ...

The primary goal of immune monitoring with ELISPOT is to measure the number of T cells, specific for any antigen, accurately and reproducibly between different laboratories. In ELISPOT assays, antigen-specific T cells secrete cytokines, forming spots of different sizes on a membrane with variable background intensities. Due to the subjective nature of judging maximal and minimal spot sizes, dif...

A central paradigm of immunology is clonal selection: lymphocytes displaying donally distributed antigen receptors are generated and subsequently selected by antigen for growth or elimination. Here we show that in mice transgenic for anti-H-2K k,b antibody genes, in which a homogeneous clone of developing B cells can be analyzed for the outcome of autoantigen encounter, surface immunoglobulin M...