Globally, 230,662 metric tons of liquid egg products are marketed each year. The presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or Newcastle disease in an exporting country can legitimately inhibit trade in eggs and processed egg products; development and validation of pasteurization parameters are essential for safe trade to continue. The HPAI virus (HPAIV) A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/19...

1. The livetin patterns of the two species Crocodylus porosus and Gallus domesticus were very different and it was difficult to find a correspondence. 2. In C. porosus the granules were a larger proportion of the total yolk but they contained very little lowdensity lipoprotein when compared with granules from hens' eggs. 3. The low-density lipoprotein was a lower proportion of the yolk of C. po...

In the current scenario of increasing and emerging drug resistance in various microbial pathogens, traditional antibiotics are becoming less effective and thus globally research has focused on developing alternative therapeutic regimens having efficient germ killing abilities. The leading alternatives include use of phages, prebiotics, probiotics, cytokines, avian egg yolk antibodies, toll like...

The vitelline (yolk) membrane of the avian egg plays a dual role during early embryonic development; it encloses the yolk and provides a substratum for expansion of the embryo (Fig. 1). Expansion appears to be dependent upon the movement of cells at the edge of the blastoderm which is intimately associated with the inner layer of the vitelline membrane (New, 1959; Bellairs, 1963). The blastoder...

A 3 × 2 factorial arrangements with completely randomized design, with a total of 72 Leghorn Hy-line (W-36) laying hens in the second cycle (98 wk old) of production were randomly assigned to 24 wire cages (45.7×30×30 cm3) and fed with diets containing three levels of guar meal (GM; 0, 4 and 8%) and two levels of β-mannanase (Hemicell®) enzyme (0.00 and 0.05%) for 12 wk period. There...

Egg yolk constitutes the main storage compartment of the avian egg and the first nutritional source that supports embryonic growth. Most egg yolk components are synthesized by the liver of laying hens at sexual maturity and are secreted into the blood to be further transferred into the ovarian oocyte (yolky follicle) by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Egg yolk proteins are secreted as precursors...

Determination of the avian influenza (AI) status of a flock has traditionally been done by detection of serum antibodies. However, for many diseases, detection of antibodies in egg yolk has been effective in monitoring the disease status of laying flocks. This study compared the utility of egg yolk vs. serum for determining AI status in laying hen flocks. Specific-pathogen-free white leghorn he...

Avian eggs contain a variety of maternally-derived substances that can influence the development and performance of offspring. The levels of these egg compounds vary in relation to environmental and genetic factors, but little is known about whether there are correlative links between maternal substances in the egg underlying common and different pathways of maternal effects. In the present stu...