In order to understand the mechanism of neuroinvasion of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of chickens, specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated with a H7N1 HPAIV. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), nasal cavity and brain tissue samples were obtained from 1 to 4 days post-inoculation (dpi) of infected and control chickens. Viral antige...

In February 2013, H7N9 (A/H7N9/2013_China), a novel avian influenza virus, broke out in eastern China and caused human death. It is a global priority to discover its origin and the point in time at which it will become transmittable between humans. We present here an interdisciplinary method to track the origin of H7N9 virus in China and to establish an evolutionary dynamics model for its human...

background : avian influenza virus (aiv) infection is a major cause of bird and human morbidity and mortality. we aimed to evaluate a specific and sensitive multiplex rt-pcr that can simultaneously detect influenza type a viruses and differenti­ate the two most important subtypes of avian influenza viruses h7 and h9 subtypes. methods : a multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction...

Influenza is a contagious viral disease that is seen in avian, human and other mammals, so its control is important. Vaccination against influenza virus subtype H9N2 is one of the ways in controlling program, for this reason several vaccines has been produced. Recently, application of inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines in poultry for controlling low pathogenic avian influenza is increasing. At p...

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) affect a wide range of birds and mammals, cause severe economic damage to the poultry industry, and pose a serious threat to humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) H5N1 were first identified in Southeast Asia in 1996 and spread to four continents over the following years. The viruses have caused high mortality in chickens and various bird species ...

During 1999, northern Italy has been affected by an epidemic of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) caused by a virus of the H7N1 subtype. Due to the characteristics of the poultry industry in the area and to the absence of specific legislative tools to eradicate infection, the virus continued to circulate for several months until a highly pathogenic virus of the same subtype emerged. The ...

The complete coding sequences of four avian influenza A viruses (two H7N7, one H7N1, and one H9N2) circulating in wild waterfowl in Belgium from 2009 to 2012 were determined using Illumina sequencing. All viral genome segments represent viruses circulating in the Eurasian wild bird population.

From the end of March to the beginning of December 1999, 199 outbreaks of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) were diagnosed in the Veneto and Lombardia regions, which are located in the northern part of Italy. The virus responsible for the epidemic was characterized as a type A influenza virus of the H7N1 subtype of low pathogenicity. On the 17th of December, highly pathogenic avian influ...

Avian influenza is one of the most important diseases in avian industry, which also threats human population. Thus, vaccination is necessary for controlling this viral disease. In this study, killed vaccine of avian influenza subtype H9N2 and formalin solution (for virus inactivation) were used. It is necessary to study the effect of different factors such as formalin concentration, as well as ...