OBJECTIVE This article assesses the position-dependent injury tolerance of the hip in the frontal direction based on testing of eight postmortem human subjects. METHODS For each subject, the left and right hemipelvis complex was axially loaded using a previously developed test configuration. Six positions were defined from a seated femur neutral condition, combining flexed, neutral, and exten...

Carbon nanotube adhesion force measurements were performed on single-walled nanotubes grown over lithographically defined trenches. An applied vertical force from an atomic force microscope (AFM), in force distance mode, caused the tubes to slip across the 250-nm-wide silicon dioxide trench tops at an axial tension of 8 nN. The nanotubes slipped at an axial tension of 10 nN after being selectiv...

It is known that arteries experience significant axial stretches in vivo. Several authors have shown that the axial force needed to maintain an artery at its in vivo axial stretch does not change with transient cyclical pressurization over normal ranges. However, the axial force phenomenon of arteries has never been explained with microstructural considerations. In this paper we propose a simpl...

Sonomicrometrics of in vivo axial strain of muscle has shown that the swimming fish body bends like a homogenous, continuous beam in all species except tuna. This simple beam-like behavior is surprising because the underlying tendon structure, muscle structure and behavior are complex. Given this incongruence, our goal was to understand the mechanical role of various myoseptal tendons. We model...

the effect of axial deformation of shell particles on the dynamic instability (flutter) of cantilevered cylindrical shells made of functionally graded materials (fgm) under an end axial follower force is addressed. to this end, at first, results for free vibration of fgm cylindrical shells were verified with previous outcomes and they were in very good agreement. then, the effect of axial defor...

Anal manometry measures circumferential pressures but not axial forces that are responsible for defecation and contribute to fecal continence. Our aims were to investigate these mechanisms by measuring axial rectoanal forces with an intrarectal sphere or a latex balloon fixed at 8, 6, or 4 cm from the anal verge and connected to axial force and displacement transducers. Rectoanal forces and rec...

The oesophagus serves to transport food and fluid from the pharynx to the stomach. Oesophageal function is usually evaluated by means of manometry which is a proxy of the force in the radial direction. However, force measurements in the axial direction will provide a better measure of oesophageal transport function. The aim of this study was to develop a probe based on electrical impedance meas...

the joints between segmental rings can withstand a certain amount of bending moment as well as axial and shear forces. generally, in the structural analysis of tunnel segmental lining, the joints can be modeled as elastic hinges or rotational springs, and their rigidity should be demonstrated in terms of the rigidity of the joints or their rotational stiffness. therefore, the bending moment act...

in this paper, the modified euler-bernoulli beam model is presented to examine the influence of surface elasticity and residual surface tension on the critical force of axial buckling of nanotubes in the presence of rotary inertia. an explicit solution is derived for the buckling loads of microscaled euler beams considering surface effects. the size-dependent buckling behavior of the nanotube d...