Connectionist computer simulation was employed to explore the notion that, if attitudes guide approach and avoidance behaviors, false negative beliefs are likely to remain uncorrected for longer than false positive beliefs. In Study 1, the authors trained a three-layer neural network to discriminate "good" and "bad" inputs distributed across a two-dimensional space. "Full feedback" training, wh...

Frequently undesirable outputs are produced together with desirable. This joint production of bad and good outputs in connection with environmental decision models is the subject of this paper. Recently Haynes, Ratick, Bowen and Cummings-Saxton (1993) addressed the same subject matter. They observed that: "... input resources, including the chemicals of concern, produce as joint products the sa...

This research identifies returns to scale (RTS) of efficient decision making units (DMUs) with desirable (good) and undesirable (bad) inputs and outputs by presenting a new DEA (data envelopment analysis) approach. In this study, we first introduce a new input-output oriented model to determine efficient DMUs in the presence of undesirable factors and then, returns to scale of these DMUs are es...

This paper surveys the literature on the joint production of good and bad outputs. Recently, material balance has arisen as an issue in this literature as a restriction on the technology, which we also address. We use our preferred specification of joint production technology and estimate the efficiency of U.S. electric utilities in a network setting. This network allows to specify two subtechn...

With pairwise testing, the test model is a list of N parameters. Each test case is an N -tuple; the test space is the cross product of the N parameters. A pairwise test is a set of N -tuples where every pairwise combination of the parameter values is contained in at least one of the N -tuples. Well-known algorithms generate pairwise test sets far smaller than the test space. Pairwise testing ha...

data envelopment analysis (dea) has been applied in many studies in the banking industry but deficiency of empirical studies in iranian banking sector that incorporate time factor into the efficiency, have still remained. previous studies measured the efficiency of bank branches in a single period within cross-sectional data. they did not consider the effect of interconnecting activities (links...