The emergence of criminal groups—“armed bandits” in the local parlance—in northwest geopolitical zone has compounded security conundrums Nigeria. dominant explanation for ongoing banditry draws on “ungoverned spaces” theoretical framework to contend that phenomenon is a by-product state’s abject failure monopolize violence over its territory. part state impose order territory leaves much room l...

In the article I discuss development of word Murzyn [eng. Nigger] from earliest times up to present in order prove thesis that word, burdened with bad connotations Middle Ages, is humiliating and offensive today. This evidenced by nineteenth-century uses sense ‘slave, servant’. Today, for many, especially young people, it has lost its original meaning, as synonym words: bambo, bambus [bamboo], ...