This paper proposes an optimal grouping method for battery packs of electric vehicles (EVs). Based on modeling the vehicle powertrain, analyzing the battery degradation performance and setting up the driving cycle of an EV, a genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to optimize the battery grouping topology with the objective of minimizing the total cost of ownership (TCO). The battery capacity and th...

Battery management systems (BMS) in hybrid-electric-vehicle (HEV) battery packs must estimate values descriptive of the pack’s present operating condition. These include: battery state of charge, power fade, capacity fade, and instantaneous available power. The estimation mechanism must adapt to changing cell characteristics as cells age and therefore provide accurate estimates over the lifetim...

Lithium-based batteries are considered as the most advanced batteries technology, which can be designed for high energy or high power storage systems. However, the battery cells are never fully identical due to the fabrication process, surrounding environment factors and differences between the cells tend to grow if no measures are taken. In order to have a high performance battery system, the ...

As part of the Challenge X competition, the University of Tennessee has chosen a hybrid electric powertrain architecture for conversion of a 2005 Chevrolet Equinox SUV to a more fuel efficient and environmentally responsible vehicle. A brief overview of the powertrain configuration is presented, as well as the corresponding supervisory control system architecture. The methodology for developing...

The using mode of electrical devices is divided into normal mode and emergent mode. Under emergent mode, the discharge cut-off voltage (DCV) of the device battery packs could be altered to a lower level to provide larger energy. This paper develops a model of discharge capacity with different DCV. Present a method to estimate the battery pack SOC when the pack is switched to emergent mode. Then...

The joining of multilayered foils to a conductive tab necessitates process in the battery, which is an important storage device renewable-energy sectors. Cell, module, and pack are three levels pouch cell battery pack. multi-layered dissimilar materials necessary for battery-pack fabrication. Mostly copper (Cu) aluminium (Al) used applications. Cu Al characterized as high thermally electrically...

Inconsistencies that are associated with parallel-connected cells used in electric vehicles induce varied states of charge (SOCs) in each cell. Thus, loop current in the battery pack is inevitable, and this reduces overall capacity, energy utilization rate, and pack lifetime. However, no method is available to address loop current. To reduce loop current and the resulting battery inconsistency,...

In this work, a novel acausal and reconfigurable battery pack model is presented. The model structure adopted for the battery cell is based on an equivalent circuit representation. The circuit elements are modified to take account of both hysteresis and diffusion limitation. The latter is known to be a nonlinear function of large operating currents or long operating times. It is shown that the ...

The accurate peak power estimation of a battery pack is essential to the power-train control of electric vehicles (EVs). It helps to evaluate the maximum charge and discharge capability of the battery system, and thus to optimally control the power-train system to meet the requirement of acceleration, gradient climbing and regenerative braking while achieving a high energy efficiency. A novel o...