1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, there have been a rising number of Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives; a political, social and technical movement armed with a common goal of publishing government data in open, re-usable formats in order to improve citizen-to-government transparency, efficiency, and democracy [1]. As a sign of commitment, the Open Government Partnership was formed, comprisi...

This paper conceptualizes as well theorizes how Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) demonstrate democratic principles using John Dewey’s philosophy of education and democracy. The study reviewed the meaning democracy its characteristics highlighted PLCs social spaces for building in schools. Also, explored whether a relationship existed between ideally conceived. reason behind this explora...

1. Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Associate Professor of Anatomical and Clinical Pathology, Department of Pat...

1 Division of neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati hospital, Tehran, Iran 2 Research Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati hospital, Tehran, Iran 3 Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Institute of Medicinal Plants. Correspondence: Alireza Moayyeri, MD Address: No 22, 2 St, Northern Kargar Av...

I BEGIN WITH A QUANDARY that is very familiar to Martin Ostwald: Classical Athens saw the invention of both democracy and political theory, yet while we have a number of examples of criticism of democracy, no systematic defense of democracy-no democratic theory-survives from an Athenian pen. I propose that the conundrum is best explained by assuming that from the late fifth through the late fou...

Voters in democracies can learn from the experience of neighbouring states: about policy in a direct democracy (“policy experimentation”), about the quality of their politicians in a representative democracy (“yardstick competition”). Learning between states creates spillovers from policy choice, and also from constitutional choice. I model these spillovers in a simple principalagent framework,...

Democracy endures only if it self-enforcing. It is not a contract because there are no third parties to enforce it. To survive, democracy must be an equilibrium at least for those political forces which can overthrow it: given that others respect democracy, each must prefer it over the feasible alternatives. Without getting mired in de...nitional discussions, here is how democracy works: (for a...

In this essay, we outline a cognitive approach to democracy. Specifically, we argue that democracy has unique benefits as a form of collective problem solving in that it potentially allows people with highly diverse perspectives to come together in order collectively to solve problems. Democracy can do this better than either markets and hierarchies, because it brings these diverse perceptions ...