Mindfulness is defined as "paying attention in a particular way, on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally". Mindfulness is associated with positive affect, life satisfaction, self-esteem, lower negative affect and rumination. Conversely, evidence suggests a relationship between nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to compare the levels of Mindfulness and...

Perceived changes in basic beliefs and growth related to life events were examined three studies. A representative sample (N = 885), a of students their families 291) 245) responded with list positive negative events, scale post-traumatic scale. Positive strongly associated beliefs, while only weak associations found for events. In addition, generally growth.