CONTEXT In most countries, the use of topical nasal decongestants is limited to a maximum of 10 days because of the risk of developing rebound mucosal swelling and rhinitis medicamentosa. OBJECTIVE To determine whether topical nasal decongestants can be safely used for 10 days in patients with chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa. DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel st...

On the occasion of quality controls in food business and during official food surveillance, benzalkonium chloride residues in excess of the currently applicable maximum residue level (MRL) of 0.01 mg/kg were detected in food. The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) derived toxicological reference values for benzalkonium chloride and assessed whether the detected residues pose a health r...

objective(s):  the aim of this study was to prepare a nanosuspension formulation as a new vehicle for the improvement of the ocular delivery of vitamin a.  material and methods:   formulations were designed based on full factorial design. a high pressure homogenization technique was used to produce nanosuspensions. fifteen formulations were prepared by the use of different combinations of surfa...

Because of the relatively frequent occurrence of recurrent caries after a restorative treatment, and because of the huge number of cariogenic microorganisms present in the oral cavity, which present a potential risk factor regarding the development of new carious lesions, attention has increasingly been directed towards the therapeutic antimicrobial effects of restorative materials. The glass i...

The challenge in preparation of ionic liquids containing a strong alkaline anion is to identify a suitable cation which can tolerate the harsh conditions induced by the anion. In this study, a commercial quaternary ammonium compound (quat) benzalkonium [ADBA] (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium) was used as a cation in the synthesis of different alkaline ionic liquids. In fact, the precursor, benzalko...

Although cleaners represent a significant part of the working population worldwide, they remain a relatively understudied occupational group. Epidemiological studies have shown an association between cleaning work and asthma, but the risk factors are uncertain. Cleaning workers are exposed to a large variety of cleaning products containing both irritants and sensitizers, as well as to common in...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To determine whether betamethasone (BM) reduces the cochlear toxicity of otic gentamicin (GM) if given together. STUDY DESIGN Controlled animal study. METHODS Thirty-four mice were assigned at random to receive intratympanic injections of either 0.1 % BM (11 mice), 0.3% GM (13 mice), or a combination of both (GM/BM) with benzalkonium chloride (10 mice) in the left ear ...

BACKGROUND Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), which contain benzalkonium chloride as the most widely used agent, are employed as wound and skin antiseptics, as well as disinfectants in hospitals. The resistance mechanism to disinfectants is usually determine by genes which are related to resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, namely, qacE, qacΔE1, qacΔE1 that are found in Gram-negative ...