Probability and indeterminism have always been core philosophical themes. Biology provides an interesting case study to explore these themes. First, biology is teeming with probabilities, and so a crucial question in the foundations of biology is how to understand these probabilities. Second, philosophers want to know whether the processes investigated by one of the major sciences – biology – a...

The events of the autumn of 2001 in the United States made it clear that the spectre of the use of microorganisms to intentionally harm humans is a reality. The current strategy to control disease outbreaks caused by the intentional release of bacteria is to use antimicrobial agents, both therapeutically and prophylactically. However, multidrug-resistant strains of bacterial bioterrorism agents...

or visit the website of the University of Minnesota Center for Metals in Biocatalysis

Introduction The Biological Threat Reduction Program (BTRP) has been being implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan since 2004 within the framework of the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Government of the United States of America Concerning Cooperation in the Area of the Promotion of Defense Relations and the Prevention of Proliferation of Weapons of Mass...

Nearly all known biological warfare agents are intended for aerosol application. Although less effective as potable water threats, many are potentially capable of inflicting heavy casualties when ingested. Significant loss of mission capability can be anticipated even when complete recovery is possible. Properly maintained field army water purification equipment can counter this threat, but per...

Concern regarding the use of biological agents (bacteria, viruses, or toxins) as tools of warfare or terrorism has led to measures to deter their use or, failing that, to deal with the consequences. Unlike chemical agents, which typically lead to severe disease syndromes within minutes at the site of exposure, diseases resulting from biological agents have incubation periods of days. Rather tha...

There is a spectrum of several threat agents, ranging from nerve agents and mustard agents to natural substances, such as biotoxins and new, synthetic, bioactive molecules produced by the chemical industry, to the classical biological warfare agents. The new, emerging threat agents are biotoxins produced by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Many types of organisms produce substances that ar...

evidence acquisition this systematic review proposes a new triage system for patients exposed to nerve agents. information regarding clinical signs and symptoms of intoxication with nerve agents, primary treatments, and classification of patients were extracted from the literature. all related articles were reviewed. subsequently, specialists from different disciplines were invited to discuss a...