Transcutaneous electrical stimulation is applied in a range of biomedical applications including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). tDCS is a non-invasive procedure where a weak direct current (<2 mA) is applied across the scalp to modulate brain function. High-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) is a technique used to increase the spatial focality of tDCS by passing current across the scalp...

An electrochemical nucleic acid (NA)-based biosensor is a biosensor that integrates a nucleic acid as the biological recognition element and an electrode as the electrochemical signal transducer. The present report provides concepts, terms, and methodology related to biorecognition elements, detection principles, type of interactions to be addressed, and construction and performance of electroc...

Electrochemical machining is widely used in biomedical, aerospace, automotive, and other fields. The development of electrochemical (ECM) restricted by many factors such as the difficulty preparing micro-electrode, large machined gap serious stray corrosion. In this paper, we present a method to fabricate micro-holes combining micro-graphite electrode with hollow structure. Firstly, sealed grap...

Electrical bioimpedance entails the measurement of electrical properties tissues as a function frequency. It is thus spectroscopic technique. has been applied in plethora biomedical applications for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. In this tutorial, basics sensor design will be discussed. The electrode/electrolyte interface thoroughly described, well methods its modelling with equivalent cir...

Implantable triboelectric nanogenerators (iTENG) have emerged as a promising technology for self-powered biomedical devices. This review explores the key aspects of materials, structures, and representative applications iTENGs. The materials section discusses core layer, electrode encapsulation emphasizing importance biocompatibility mechanical flexibility. structural design delves into three c...

in a hydrothermal route devoted for synthesis of ca10(po4)6(oh)2 (ha) nanostructures, morphology can be controlled by experimental condition to form magical ha or nanostructured nanoparticles. in an intermediate condition, a novel nanostructure namely rose-like bundle of ha rod-likes was found, which is different from known ha nanostructures. the chemical synthesis of nanopowders under hydrothe...

background: chitosan nanoparticles have become of great interest for nanomedicine, biomedical engineering and development of new therapeutic drug release systems with improved bioavailability, increased specificity and sensitivity, and reduced pharmacological toxicity. the aim of the present study is to synthesis and optimization of chitosan nanoparticles for industrial and biomedical applicati...

As biomedical research has moved increasingly towards experimentation on single cells and subcellular structures, there has been a need for microscale devices that can perform manipulation and stimulation at a correspondingly small scale. We propose a microelectrode array (MEA) featuring thickened microelectrodes with vertical sidewalls (VSW) to focus electrical fields horizontally on targets p...

Using a graphite crucible as the counter-electrode, platinum microprobes with an aspect ratio of 30 and a tip apex radius less than 100 nm were fabricated by an electrochemical discharge etching process. The "neck-in" structure on the platinum wire induced by the electrical discharge at the liquid-air interface plays a key role in the probe shape and the voltage of the following pure electroche...

Anode geometry can significantly affect the electrochemical synthesis of conductive polymers. Here, the effects of anode dimensions on the electropolymerization of pyrrole are investigated. Band microelectrodes were prepared with widths ranging from 2 to 500 mum. The anode dimension has a significant effect on the resulting thickness of polymer film. The electropolymerization process deviates s...