artemisia annua is still the only commercial source of artemisinin. to date, a number of biochemical and molecular studies about artemisinin’s biosynthetic pathway have been carried out. in metabolic engineering approach, isolation and characterization of promoters leads to an understanding of which cis-acting elements are responsible for the regulation of gene expression. dbr2 is a key enzyme ...

The first enzyme of the pathway for uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDPAG) biosynthesis i.e. L-glutamine: D-fructose 6-P amidotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.16) was purified 52-fold from human placenta using methanol fractionation and column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The enzyme showed optimal activity in a broad range of pH from 5.8 to 7.8 in both phosphate and cacodylate ...

Peppermint has considerable commercial value and widely cultivated for essential oil production, especially menthol. The aim of this study was to determine the quantitative expression of pulegone reductase (pr), menthofuran synthase (mfs) and limonene synthase (ls) genes in menthol biosynthesis pathway in Mentha x piperita , using semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis and evaluating menthol producti...

Photosynthesis is an essential biological process and a key approach for raising crop yield. However, photosynthesis in rice not fully investigated. This study reported the photosynthetic properties transcriptomic profiles of chlorophyll (Chl) b-deficient mutant (ch11) wild-type (Oryza sativa L.). Chl revealed irregular chloroplast development (indistinct membranes, loss starch granules, thinne...

Adipic acid is an important bulk chemical used in the nylon industry, as well food, plasticizers and pharmaceutical fields. It thus considered one of most 12 platform chemicals. The current production adipic relies on non-renewable petrochemical resources emits large amounts greenhouse gases. bio-production from renewable via engineered microorganisms regarded a green potential method to replac...

Valeriana officinalis (valerian), as a nutraceutical herb, is widely used for its sedative and hypnotic properties. It is known that C15 sesquiterpenoid valerenic acid (VA) is active ingredient responsible for pharmacological effects of V. officinalis. To evaluate the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) concentrations (50 and 100 µM) in the modulation of expression patterns of the genes involved ...

Escherichia coli and Salmonella contain the naphthoquinones menaquinone (MK; vitamin K2) and demethylmenaquinone and the benzoquinone ubiquinone (coenzyme Q; Q). Both quinones are derived from the shikimate pathway, which has been called a "metabolic tree with many branches." There are two different pathways for the biosynthesis of the naphthoquinones. The vast majority of prokaryotes, includin...

the first enzyme of the pathway for uridine diphosphate n-acetyl-d-glucosamine (udpag) biosynthesis i.e. l-glutamine: d-fructose 6-p amidotransferase (e.c. 2.6.1.16) was purified 52-fold from human placenta using methanol fractionation and column chromatography on deae-sephadex a-50. the enzyme showed optimal activity in a broad range of ph from 5.8 to 7.8 in both phosphate and cacodylate buffe...

peppermint has considerable commercial value and widely cultivated for essential oil production, especially menthol. the aim of this study was to determine the quantitative expression of pulegone reductase (pr), menthofuran synthase (mfs) and limonene synthase (ls) genes in menthol biosynthesis pathway in mentha x piperita , using semiquantitative rt-pcr analysis and evaluating menthol producti...