Different parasite species sharing the same intermediate host species may have similar or conflicting interests, depending on whether they are at the same stage in their life-cycle or whether they share the same definitive host. In the New Zealand cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, metacercariae of the digenean Meiogymnophallus sp. are positively associated with metacercariae of Curtuteria austra...

Samples of the New Zealand cockleAustrovenus stutchburyi (Veneridae) collected at two di¡erent intertidal levels were found to be heavily infected by the echinostome trematode Curtuteria australis which use the mud £at whelk Cominella glandiformis and shorebirds as ¢rst and de¢nitive host, respectively. Parasite loads were on average more than 2-fold higher at the high site than at the low site...

Short-term oxygen consumption and filtration rate experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of edible cockle Cerastoderma edule when infested by the Digenean trematod Labratrema minimus. In this experiment the metabolic activities of bivalves were measured to detennine this particular aspect of the host-parasite interaction. We have used the Bucephalidae digenea Labratrema minimus inf...

SPIDER (simulating pesticides in ditches to assess ecological risk) is a locally distributed, capacitance-based model that accounts for pesticide entry into surface water bodies via spray drift, surface runoff, interlayer flow and drainage. SPIDER was developed for application to small agricultural catchments. Transport of pesticide from site of application to surface water via subsurface field...

The demands for applicable tissue-engineered scaffolds that can be used to repair load-bearing segmental bone defects (SBDs) is vital and in increasing demand. In this study, seven different combinations of 3 dimensional (3D) novel nanocomposite porous structured scaffolds were fabricated to rebuild SBDs using an extraordinary blend of cockle shells (CaCo3) nanoparticles (CCN), gelatin, dextran...