A k-bowtie is the graph consisting of two cycles of lenght k, having exactly one vertex in common. A k-bowtie system of order v is a pair (X,B), where X is a finite set of v vertices and B is a collection of edge disjoint k-bowties (called blocks) which partitions the edge set of the complete graph Kn, defined in X. In this paper we study 4-bowtie systems. We determine the spectrum of all types...

Bowtie aperture antennas are known to generate sub-diffraction limited optical spots in the visible and near-infrared frequencies, which can be applied to many areas. Regular bowtie apertures fabricated by FIB suffer from tapered sidewall and rounded corner, which degrade its optical enhancement and localization. In this work, a new fabrication method is demonstrated to manufacture bowtie apert...

We demonstrate that bowtie apertures can be used for contact lithography to achieve nanometer scale resolution. The bowtie apertures with a 30 nm gap size are fabricated in aluminum thin films coated on quartz substrates. Lithography results show that holes of sub-50-nm dimensions can be produced in photoresist by illuminating the apertures with a 355 nm laser beam polarized in the direction ac...

The paper presents an improved gain flattening and noise figure analysis in the C-band regime using an equalization filter of a dual stage single mode polarization maintaining bowtie erbium doped fiber amplifier. The configuration uses two in-line 980nm laser pumps. The gain and noise figure variation with fiber length, pump power and temperature of the system for C-band communication have been...

We present an analytical formula to predict the three-dimensional field distribution of a nanoscale bowtie aperture using quasi-spherical waves (QSWs) and surface plasmon polaritons, which are excited by the fundamental waveguide mode and local plasmons of the aperture, respectively. Assuming two separate bowtie apertures in a metal film, we analysed the decay characteristics of QSWs using a fi...

The first time in Graph Theory a graph was characterized as “Bowtie” was in the seminal paper by Broder et. al. Though no textbook had ever mentioned this type of graph before, no less an important network than the Web Graph itself is supposed to resemble this shape. In two large collections of crawled Web pages and in numerous smaller collections, researchers discovered Bowties and Bowtie-look...

We report results of parallel optical nanolithography using nanoscale bowtie aperture array. These nanoscale bowtie aperture arrays are used to focus a laser beam into multiple nanoscale light spots for parallel nano-lithography. Our work employed a frequency-tripled diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser (lambda = 355 nm) and Shipley S1805 photoresist. An interference-based optical alignment sy...

Signal processing is crucial that as one sends information, there a corresponding process to encode, decode, and clean the signal of unwanted noise disruptions via use filters. Due environment how unpredictable it can be come from almost anywhere, typical filter used are adaptive Adaptive filters non-linear have been regularly regarding processing, this means changes accordingly adapts environm...

We report spectroscopic measurements of transmitted field through bowtie-shaped nanoscale apertures in visible wavelength region. Resonance in these apertures and its relation with the aperture geometry are investigated. The near-field spectral response is also investigated using finite difference time domain (FDTD) computation and compared with the spectroscopic measurements. The dependences o...

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measures the fluorescence fluctuations of fluorophores in solution, but is restricted to extremely low concentrations. Plasmonic gold bowtie nanoantennas enhance a single molecule’s fluorescence relative to a large background of unenhanced molecules, and here we show that bowties can extend FCS measurements to much higher concentrations. In this demon...