Cold pre-conditioning reduces subsequent brain injury in small animals but the underlying mechanisms remain undefined. As hypothermia triggers systemic macrophage tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production and other neural pre-conditioning stimuli depend on this cytokine, we reasoned that microglia and TNF-α would be similarly involved with cold pre-conditioning neuroprotection. Also, as sl...

A two-dimensional mathematical model was developed to estimate the contributions of different mechanisms of brain cooling during cold-water near-drowning. Mechanisms include 1) conductive heat loss through tissue to the water at the head surface and in the upper airway and 2) circulatory cooling to aspirated water via the lung and via venous return from the scalp. The model accounts for changes...

The large variability in experimentally measured mechanical properties of brain tissue is due to many factors including heterogeneity, anisotropy, age dependence and post-mortem time. Moreover, differences in test protocols also influence these measured properties. This paper shows that the temperature at which porcine brain tissue is stored or preserved prior to testing has a significant effec...

Severe cold injury of the brain increased significantly both total creatine kinase and the corresponding brain isoenzyme (CKBB) activity in confluens sinuum samples. CKBB could be detected also in peripheral blood a few hours after severe brain injury in eight of 12 patients. Finding of CKBB in human plasma may prove a useful indicator of severe brain injury.

Hypothalamic neurons are regarded as essential for integrating thermal afferent information from skin and core and issuing commands to autonomic and behavioral effectors that maintain core temperature (T(c)) during cold exposure and for the control of energy expenditure more generally. Caudal brain stem neurons are necessary elements of the hypothalamic effector pathway and also are directly dr...

1. Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA 2. Simons Foundation, New York, NY, 10010, USA 3. Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA 4. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA 5. New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA 6. Corresponding author...

Cold-stimulus headache is a primary headache syndrome which is provoked by an external application or ingestion or inhalation of cold stimulus. It has not been reported to occur secondary to another focal structural brain lesion, or as a reversible illness. This is a report of two women who developed cold-stimulus headache on taking ice cold food after the onset of thalamic hemorrhage. The head...