We build upon recent literature to do several exercises to assess benefits and costs of the brain drain to Africa. Contrary to a lot of the worries expressed in the media and in aid agencies, the Brain drain is probably a net benefit to the source countries. We make several arguments: (1) the African brain drain is not large enough to have much effect on Africa’s skill gap relative to the rest ...

This paper analyzes the effect of so-called ‘brain drain’ on economic growth through channel in total factor productivity. We analyze panel data that measure severity brain drain, which are from IMD and U.S. National Science Foundation. Our analysis shows middle-income countries have more drain compared to group high-income countries. Also, emerging economies grow fast tend experience drain. re...

The CNS has long been considered an immune-privileged site as tissues grafted into the CNS are not rejected as they are in other tissues (Medawar, 1948; Billingham and Boswell, 1953; Barker and Billingham, 1977). An avalanche of evidence now suggests that this privilege is not absolute, as robust immune responses can occur in the CNS during infections and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sc...

The CNS has long been considered an immune-privileged site as tissues grafted into the CNS are not rejected as they are in other tissues (Medawar, 1948; Billingham and Boswell, 1953; Barker and Billingham, 1977). An avalanche of evidence now suggests that this privilege is not absolute, as robust immune responses can occur in the CNS during infections and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sc...

Opportunity is the driving force of migration. Unsatisfied demands for higher education and skills, which have been created by the knowledge-based global economy, have generated unprecedented opportunities in knowledge-intensive service industries. These multi-trillion dollar industries include information, communication, finance, business, education and health. The leading industrialized natio...

Scientists have always been ‘sans frontières’, driven by the need to acquire new knowledge and skills and to cooperate with colleagues irrespective of national borders or political divides. In fact, the migration of scientists between countries at all career stages has increased steadily over time. In a related but distinct trend, the incidence of co-authorship reflecting greater international ...

When productivity is fostered by both the individual’s human capital and by the average level of human capital in the economy, individuals under-invest in human capital. A strictly positive probability of migration to a richer country, by raising both the level of human capital formed by optimizing individuals in the home country and the average level of human capital of non-migrants in the cou...